Cyclamen

Cyclamen (US: /ˈsaɪkləmɛn/ SY-klə-men or UK: /ˈsɪkləmɛn/ SIK-lə-men)[1][2][3] is a genus of 23 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. Cyclamen species are native to Europe and the Mediterranean Basin east to Iran, with one species in Somalia. They grow from tubers and are valued for their flowers with upswept petals and variably patterned leaves.

For other uses, see Cyclamen (disambiguation).

Cyclamen
Wild Cyclamen persicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Primulaceae
Subfamily: Myrsinoideae
Genus: Cyclamen
L.
Species

It was traditionally classified in the family Primulaceae, was reclassified in the family Myrsinaceae [4] in 2000,[5] and finally, in 2009 with the introduction of the APG III system, was returned to the subfamily Myrsinoideae within the family Primulaceae.[6]

Names

Cyclamen is Medieval Latin, from earlier Latin cyclamīnos,[7] from Ancient Greek κυκλάμινος, kyklā́mīnos (also kyklāmī́s), probably from κύκλος, kýklos "circle",[8] because of the round tuber.[9] In English, the species of the genus are commonly called by the genus name.

In many languages, cyclamen species are colloquially called by a name like the English sowbread, or swinebread (because they are said to be eaten by pigs), based on Medieval Latin panis porcinus: Saubrot in German, pain de pourceau in French, pan porcino in Italian, and varkensbrood in Dutch.

Description

Cyclamens have a tuber, from which the leaves, flowers and roots grow. In most species, leaves come up in autumn, grow through the winter, and then die in spring, then the plant goes dormant through the dry Mediterranean summer.

Tuber
Tuber and roots in genus cyclamen
A tuber of Cyclamen purpurascens with three floral trunks

The storage organ of the cyclamen is a round tuber that develops from the hypocotyl (the stem of a seedling). It is often mistakenly called a corm, but a corm (found in crocuses, for example) has a papery tunic and a basal plate from which the roots grow. The storage organ of the cyclamen has no papery covering and, depending on the species, roots may grow out of any part. It is therefore properly classified as a tuber (somewhat like a potato). The tuber may produce roots from the top, sides, or bottom, depending on the species. Cyclamen persicum and Cyclamen coum root from the bottom; Cyclamen hederifolium roots from the top and sides. Cyclamen graecum has thick anchor roots on the bottom.[10]

The shape of the tuber may be near spherical, as in Cyclamen coum or flattened, as in Cyclamen hederifolium. In some older specimens of Cyclamen purpurascens and Cyclamen rohlfsianum, growing points on the tuber become separated by shoulders of tissue, and the tuber becomes misshapen.[11] In most other species, the tuber is round in old age.

Leaves and flowers sprout from growing points on the top of the tuber. Growing points that have lengthened and become like woody stems are known as floral trunks.[11]

The size of the tuber varies depending on species. In Cyclamen hederifolium, older tubers commonly reach 24 cm (9 1⁄2 in) across, but in Cyclamen parviflorum, tubers do not grow larger than 2 cm (3⁄4 in) across.[11]

Leaves
Christmas tree pattern on a Cyclamen coum leaf
Cyclamen coum - lower side of a leaf

Leaves sprout from growing points or floral trunks on top of the tuber. Each leaf grows on its own stem.[12] Leaf stems in early growth may be distinguished from flower stems by the direction their tips curl: tips of leaf stems curl upwards, while tips of flower stems curl downwards.

The shape of the leaves varies between the species, and even between different specimens of the same species. Cyclamen hederifolium and Cyclamen repandum usually have leaves shaped like ivy, with angles and lobes, Cyclamen coum has nearly round leaves, and Cyclamen persicum has heart-shaped leaves with a pointed tip. The leaf margin may be smooth, as in Cyclamen coum subsp. coum, or finely toothed, as in Cyclamen graecum.[12]

The color of the upper side of leaves is variable, even within a species. Most species have leaves variegated in several shades of green and silver, either in an irregular pattern of blotches or an arrowhead or Christmas tree shape. In cultivation, cyclamens, especially species other than Cyclamen persicum, are selected as often or more often for striking or unusual leaf patterns than for their flowers.[12]

The lower side of leaves is often shiny, and its color varies from plain green to rich red or purple.[12]

Most cyclamen species originate from the Mediterranean, where summers are hot and dry and winters are cool and wet, and are summer-dormant: their leaves sprout in the autumn, remain through the winter, and wither the next spring. Cyclamen purpurascens and Cyclamen colchicum, however, originate from cooler regions in mountains, and their leaves remain through the summer and wither only after the next year's leaves have developed.

Flowers

Flowering time may be any month of the year, depending on the species. Cyclamen hederifolium and Cyclamen purpurascens bloom in summer and autumn, Cyclamen persicum and Cyclamen coum bloom in winter, and Cyclamen repandum blooms in spring.[13]

Each flower is on a stem coming from a growing point on the tuber.[13] In all species, the stem is normally bent 150-180° at the tip, so that the nose of the flower faces downwards. Cyclamen hederifolium 'Stargazer' is an exception to this; its nose faces upwards. Flowers have 5 petals, bent outwards or up, sometimes twisted, and connected at the base into a cup, and five sepals behind the cup.

Petal shape varies depending on species, and sometimes within the same species. Cyclamen repandum has petals much longer than wide, Cyclamen coum has stubby, almost round petals, and Cyclamen hederifolium usually has petals with proportions between the two.

Petal color may be white, pink, or purple, often with darker color on the nose. Many species have a pink form and a white form, but a few have only one color, such as Cyclamen balearicum, which is always white.

The dark color on the flower nose varies in shape: Cyclamen persicum has a smooth band, Cyclamen hederifolium has a streaky V, and Cyclamen coum has an M-shaped splotch with two white or pink "eyes" beneath.

On left C. persicum (without auricles); on right C. hederifolium (with auricles)

In some species, such as Cyclamen hederifolium, the petal edges at the nose are curved outwards into auricles (Latin for "little ears"). Most species, like Cyclamen persicum, have no auricles.

In most species, the style protrudes 1–3 mm out of the nose of the flower, but the stamens are inside the flower. In Cyclamen rohlfsianum, however, the cone of anthers sticks out prominently, about 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) beyond the rim of the corolla, similar to shooting-stars (Dodecatheon).

Fruit

The flower stem coils or bends when the fruit begins to form. The stems of Cyclamen hederifolium and Cyclamen coum coil starting at the end, Cyclamen persicum arches downwards but does not curl, Cyclamen rohlfsianum coils starting near the tuber, and Cyclamen graecum coils both directions, starting at the middle.

The fruit is a round pod that opens by several flaps or teeth at maturity and contains numerous sticky seeds, brown at maturity. Natural seed dispersal is by ants (myrmecochory), which eat the sticky covering and then discard the seeds.

Distribution map of the species of the genus cylamen in Europe, Asia and Africa. (Presumed spread according to wikipedia sources and informations from "cyclamen.org"))

Cultivation and uses
Cyclamen persicum 'Stirling', a cultivar
See also: List of cyclamen diseases

Cyclamen are commonly grown for their flowers, both outdoors and indoors in pots. Several species, particularly Cyclamen hederifolium, are hardy and can be grown outdoors in mild climates such as northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America.

Hardiness

Cyclamen species range from frost-hardy to frost-tender.

The most frost-hardy species, such as C. purpurascens, C. hederifolium, C. coum, and C. cilicium, tolerate temperatures down to −20 °C (−4 °F). C. hederifolium has even survived prolonged freezing and temperatures down to −30 °C (−22 °F). C. repandum survives temperatures down to −14 °C (7 °F), but not prolonged freezing below this temperature. C. graecum tolerates frost as low as −4 °C (25 °F) for a few hours. Others, such as C. africanum, C. persicum, and C. rohlfsianum, only tolerate mild and brief frost.

Florist's cyclamen

The cyclamen commonly sold by florists is Cyclamen persicum, which is frost-tender. Selected cyclamen cultivars can have white, bright pink, red or purple flowers. While flowering, florists' cyclamens should be kept below 20 °C (68 °F), with the night time temperatures preferably between 6.5–15 °C (43.7–59.0 °F). Temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) may induce the plant to go dormant.

Ecology

Conservation

In many areas within the native range, cyclamen populations have been severely depleted by collection from the wild, often illegally, for the horticultural trade; some species are now endangered as a result. However, in a few areas, plant conservation charities have educated local people to control the harvest carefully at a sustainable level, including sowing seed for future crops, both sustaining the wild populations and producing a reliable long-term income. Many cyclamen are also propagated in nurseries without harm to the wild plants.

Caterpillar food source

Cyclamen species are eaten by the caterpillars of the Gothic moth.

Evolution

Cyclamen diversity in the Mediterranean has been studied extensively to understand how the species remain distinct (Debussche et al., 2000, 2002, 2003) and how they have reacted to the dramatic climate changes in the region. Certain climate change models suggest many species could become extinct in their current range within the next 50 years.[14]

Subdivisions

Subgenera and series
Distribution of cyclamen species: 1. C. balearicum; 2. C. repandum; 3. C. purpurascens; 4. C. hederifolium; 5. C. rhodium; 6. C. creticum; 7. C. graecum; 8. C. coum; 9. C. colchicum; 10. C. parviflorum; C. abchasicum; 11. C. elegans; 12. C. alpinum; C. intaminatum; C. cilicium; C. mirabile; C. pseudibericum; 13. C. cyprium; 14. C. libanoticum; 15. C. persicum; 16. C. rohlfsianum; 17. C. africanum
Series Cyclamen

Species in the Cyclamen hederifolium group have flowers with auricles, leaves usually with angles, and tubers with roots from the top and sides.

Series Purpurascens

Species in the Cyclamen purpurascens group have flowers with slight or no auricles and round or heart-shaped leaves.

Series Persicum

Species in the Cyclamen persicum group have toothed leaves and flowers with or without auricles.

Series Cilicium

Species of the Cyclamen cilicium group have small leaves sometimes scalloped or toothed and small tubers rooting from the bottom.

Series Pubipedia

Species in the Cyclamen coum group have flowers with short petals, round or oval leaves, and small tubers rooting from the center of the bottom.

Subgenus Psilanthum

Species of the Cyclamen repandum group have flowers with long, slender petals, leaves with scalloped edges, and tubers rooting from the center of the bottom.

  • Cyclamen repandum
  • Cyclamen rhodium
    = Cyclamen peloponnesiacum
    • Cyclamen rhodium subsp. rhodium
      = Cyclamen repandum subsp. rhodense, Cyclamen rhodium
    • Cyclamen rhodium subsp. peloponnesiacum
      = Cyclamen repandum subsp. peloponnesiacum var. peloponnesiacum
    • Cyclamen rhodium subsp. vividum
      = Cyclamen repandum subsp. peloponnesiacum var. vividum

Subgenus Corticata

Species

Cyclamens bloom in different seasons, depending on the species.

Winter and spring

Summer and autumn

References

Notes
  1. cyclamen (noun). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014.
  2. "cyclamen". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  3. "cyclamen". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  4. "Cyclamen | plant genus". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  5. Källersjö, Bergqvist & Anderberg 2000
  6. Stevens 2012
  7. cyclamīnos. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
  8. κυκλάμινος, κύκλος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  9. Harper, Douglas. "cyclamen". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  10. Grey-Wilson 2002, p. 35.
  11. Grey-Wilson 2002, p. 34.
  12. Grey-Wilson 2002, p. 36.
  13. Grey-Wilson 2002, p. 37.
  14. Yesson & Culham 2006
  15. Thulin & Warfa 1989

Sources
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