Cymru Terrane

In the southwest of Wales is the St David’s Granophyre the stratigraphical relationship of which was subject of heated debates towards the end of the 19th Century predominantly between Sir Archibald Geikie and Henry Hicks. Geikie (then director of the Geological Survey) insisted upon the Pebidian Supergroup and the high-level intrusion being placed in the Cambrian sequence with Hicks [6][7] taking the opposing view and suggesting that the Granophyre which cross cuts the Pebidian Supergroup should be placed in the Precambrian and by consequence placing the Pebidian Supergroup in the Precambrian. The issue was finally resolved by Green[8] by revealing, in an excavation, an unconformity in which an excavation of a Cambrian basal conglomerate is shown to cut the granophyre.[1][8]

The St David's Granophyre has historically been incorrectly assigned to be alaskite or trondhjemite due to low concentrations of potassium feldspar but this has been shown to be an alteration product from its original calc-alkaline granite which is noted to exhibit a volcanic arc signature.[9] Correlation of the granophyric intrusion with the Arfon Group rather than the nearby Coomb Volcanic Formation has been suggested[10] with a tentative U-Pb isotopic age of 625+/-25Ma being suggested.[1][11]

The largest plutonic body in the terrane has limited outcrop and is sheared by the Llyn Shear Zone in the west and covered by later (Arenig) sediments to the east.[1] Altered to Greenschist facies the pluton contains a bimodal suite of gabbro-diorite, monzogranite (Sarn Granite) and granodiorite.[11]

The Sarn Granite is leucocratic and covers an expanse of c.6 km^2 in contrast to the gabbro and diorite that exist as small and scattered exposures. The dioritic component has been confirmed as having a Neoproterozoic age of 614Ma+/-2Ma using U-Pb Zircon dating.[11] So therefore, the shearing of the Llyn is also temporally constrained by the date.

This is a small fine-grained, leucocratic intrusive body that cuts the Padarn Tuff at the western end of the Bangor-Caernarfon Ridge.[1][3]

This volcano-sedimentary group incorporates over 4000m of deposits and were previously considered to be of Cambrian age. U-Pb data suggests that the whole succession is indeed Precambrian Neoproterozoic age.[12] Exposure of the lower unit (Padarn Tuff) is exhibited on a ridge between Bangor and Caernarfon and also on a ridge near Llyn Padarn[1] This is noted to be a thick sequence of acid ash flow tuffs and exhibits welding and are thought to be rapid deposition of thin air-fall tuffs and rhyolite flows placed in a bounded half-graben (or graben) .[12] Isotope data shows a U-Pb zircon from the lower part of the succession as 614+/-2Ma[13] and 604.7+/-1.6Ma[5] confirms a Neoproterozoic age.[1]

These strata have an angular and discordant relationship with both formations having variable thickness controlled by bounding fault lines that are likely to have controlled the depositional regime of the rocks.[1][12] The formations exist to the west of the Aber Dinlle Fault. The Minfordd Formation is a sandstone dominated epiclastic and tuffaceous lithology which has a broad upward fining sequence with the presence of thick welded and non-welded ash-flow tuffs that elucidates an amount of volcanism.[1][12] The basal rocks of the Minfordd Formation contain clasts of granite, vein quartz, quartzitic sandstone, quartzose schists and were thought to be Cambrian basal conglomerate. The Bangor Formation overlies the Minfordd Formation and it underlies the Llanberis Slates and is a similar lithology to the Minfordd Formation excepting the basal conglomerate.[1][12]

This is thought to be the lateral equivalent of the Bangor and Minfordd Formations on the eastern side of the Aber Dinelle Fault. The Fachwen and Bangor Formations are both dominated by acidic volcanic deposits but they also contain minor basic tuffs that preserve scoria textures which suggest a proximal source.[1][3]

This outcrops mainly on Anglesey but a sliver of it also occurs along the Berw Fault and its properties are similar to that of the Arfon Group ash-flow tuff and as such constrain the docking of the western Monian Composite Terrane.[5][13] Although evidence can be interpreted to the contrary as the Bwlch Gwyn outcrop may be faulted post-Berw and pre-Arenig.[1]