Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain

The Spanish Civil War was fought from 17 July 1936 till the victory of Francoist Spain on 1 April 1939. After the end of the war, the Spanish Republic formed a government-in-exile in Paris and Mexico City. Between the start of the civil war and Spanish transition to democracy and the reconciliation with the Spanish Republican government in exile in 1977, nations decided when, how, and if they recognised the government of Spain.

Americas
Country Established Notes
GuatemalaThe Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Guatemala in March 1946.[1]:298[2]:90
Mexico28 March 1977The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Mexico on 25 August 1945.[1]:298 Mexico reestablished diplomatic relations only after the death of Francisco Franco. By 1975, within the United Nations, only Yugoslavia and Mexico still recognised, and hosted an embassy to, the Spanish Republican government in exile.[3][4][1]:298
Panama18 March 1953The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Panama in March 1946.[1]:298 Relations were soon reestablished as the two countries signed a Treaty of Friendship on 18 March 1953.[2]:112
United States27 December 1950On 1 April 1939, the United States lifted the embargoes placed on Spain, providing limited recognition to the regime,[5]:16 and the embassy to Spain, previously in Barcelona, now headed by a Chargé d’Affaires ad interim, was moved back to Madrid on the 13th.[6] In the aftermath of World War 2, public opinion on the Franco regime was low, with most seeing the state as collaborationist with Nazi Germany and President Harry S. Truman being opposed to the reestablishment of formal diplomatic relations. However, as the Cold War began, and with Spanish agents, US military officials, and US businessmen lobbying for the opening of relations, popular opinion shifted. The appointment of a US ambassador to Madrid was announced on 27 December 1950. In July 1951, negotiations started for an alliance which would eventually become the Pact of Madrid.[7]
VenezuelaThe Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Venezuela in March 1946.[1]:298

Asia
Country Established Notes
People's Republic of China9 March 1973[8]
Republic of China1952During World War 2, Beijing was reluctant to establish relations with Madrid, and in 1946 the Spanish Legation in China was officially closed. The situation improved after the Korean War started, leading to formal relations being established in 1952,[9] with a friendship agreement being signed in February 1953.[10] In March 1973, formal diplomatic relations between the two nations were suspended.[11]
Japan1 December 1937Japan recognised the Francoist government of Spain in exchange for German, Spanish, and Italian recognition of Manchukuo.[12] Spain declared a rupture in relations in 12 April 1945,[13] which were reestablished in 1952.[9]
Manchukuo2 December 1937In October 1938, a friendship legation arrived from the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo, and a treaty of friendship was signed in 1939.[12]
Philippines27 September 1947Legations were established in 1947 following the signing of a bilateral friendship treaty on 27 September 1947.[14][9]
ThailandFebruary 1949The first permanent representative of Spain arrived in Bangkok in February 1949, and a Treaty of Friendship was signed in 1952.[9]
Vietnam1950[9]

Europe
Country Established Notes
AlbaniaThe Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Albania December 1946.[1]:298
Bulgaria27 January 1970The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Bulgaria on 30 November 1946.[1]:298 Relations were restored on 27 January 1970.[15]:90
CzechoslovakiaThe Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Czechoslovakia on 22 August 1946.[1]:298
France27 February 1939France and Britain together unconditionally recognised the nationalist government on 27 February 1939.[16]:583
Germany18 November 1936
See also: German involvement in the Spanish Civil War
Germany and Italy together recognised the nationalist government on 18 November 1936.[16]:332[17]
HungaryThe Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Hungary on 28 July 1946.[1]:298
Italy18 November 1936
See also: Italian military intervention in Spain
Germany and Italy together recognised the nationalist government on 18 November 1936.[16]:332[17]
Ireland11 February 1939
See also: Ireland and the Spanish Civil War and Irish Socialist Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
[18]:131
Portugal11 May 1938Portugal had ended formal relations with the Spanish Republic in October 1936 and appointed diplomatic agents to Nationalist Spain in December 1937. In 1939, Portugal would go on to sign the Iberian Pact, formalising the friendship between Portugal and Francoist Spain.[19][20]:86
PolandThe Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Poland on 5 April 1946.[1]:298
Romania5 January 1967The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Romania on 21 May 1946.[1]:298 Relations were restored on 5 January 1967.[15]:93
Soviet Union9 February 1977The Soviet Union fully supported the Republican government in the Civil War. After World War 2 and throughout the Cold War, relations were maintained informally through offices in Paris and economic ties. After the death of Francisco Franco, Spain and the Soviet Union established formal relations and exchanged embassies on 9 February 1977.[21]
SwitzerlandSwitzerland sent a diplomatic agent to Franco on 3 May 1938, and a representative from the Francoist government had been tolerated and granted priviledges in Bern since 1937. All this meant that on 24 November 1938, Rab Butler described relationship between the two entities as "de facto recognition".[1]:93
United Kingdom27 February 1939In November 1937, the British government exchanged agents with the Franco government, a move criticised by Clement Attlee as "de facto recognition of the insurgent government", though a government communiqué stressed that this did not constitute recognition.[1]:93 France and Britain together unconditionally recognised the nationalist government on 27 February 1939.[16]:583 The Labour Party opposed the recogntion, with Clement Attlee calling it "a gross betrayal... two and a half years of hypocritical pretense of non-intervention".[16]:584[22]
Vatican CityJune 1938Francoist Spain proclaimed itself a Catholic nation on 30 October 1936, hoping to win the support of the Vatican, which did not extend formal recognition. On 1 July 1937, the Letters of the Spanish Hierarchy were published, which detailed the Spanish Church's position on the war and stated that the Church endorsed Franco's forces.[23]:202 In August, Pablo Churruca was serving as chargé d'affaires in Rome, which the Francoist press described as having "the status of official diplomatic representative" but the Vatican insisted that this was not formal recognition,[18]:130 though in September 1937, the Vatican had send a chargé to Burgos, and in June 1938 full diplomatic recognition was established.[24]:263
YugoslaviaThe Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Yugoslavia on 13 April 1946.[1]:298 By 1975, within the United Nations, only Yugoslavia and Mexico still recognised, and hosted an embassy to, the Spanish Republican government in exile.[4]

Oceania
Country Established Notes
Australia26 October 1967Australia, was officially neutral during the Civil War. However, over 66 Australians volunteered and fought for the Republican faction in Spain as part of the British Battalion.[25] Formal diplomatic relations were officially established on 26 October 1967, with the Spanish opening an embassy in Canberra on 3 May 1968.[26][27]
New Zealand28 March 1969Volunteers from New Zealand assisted the Republican Faction in the Civil War.[28] Formal diplomatic relations were officially established on 28 March 1969.[29]

See also

References
  1. Talmon, Stefan; Talmon, Co-Director Institute of International Law and Professor of Law Stefan (1998). Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826573-3.
  2. Bilateral Treaty Developments in Latin America, 1953-1955. Legal Division, Department of International Law, Pan American Union. 1956.
  3. "History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Spain (in Spanish)" (PDF). sre.gob.mx.
  4. "Republicans in Mexico Waiting". The Fort Scott Tribune. 1975-11-14. p. 750. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  5. Inc, Time (1939-04-17). LIFE. Time Inc.
  6. "Spain - Countries - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  7. Byrnes, Mark S. (1999). ""Overruled and Worn Down": Truman Sends an Ambassador to Spain". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 29 (2): 263–279. doi:10.1111/1741-5705.00032. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 27551987.
  8. Esteban, Mario (2016-06-01). "Spain's Relations with China: Friends but not Partners". Chinese Political Science Review. 1 (2): 373–386. doi:10.1007/s41111-016-0019-x. ISSN 2365-4252.
  9. Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de. "Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  10. "The international relation between China and Spain". www.ukessays.com. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  11. Team, Internet. "Relaciones regionales". 駐西班牙代表處 Oficina Económica y Cultural de Taipei. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  12. Rodao, Florentino (2009). "Japan and the Axis, 1937-8: Recognition of the Franco Regime and Manchukuo". Journal of Contemporary History. 44 (3): 431–447. doi:10.1177/0022009409104117. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 40543042. S2CID 144278984.
  13. "Franco's Spain and the Japanese Empire (1937-1945) – Florentino Rodao". Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  14. "El secretario de Estado de Asuntos Exteriores recibe a su homólogo filipino". www.exteriores.gob.es. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  15. Inc, IBP (2007-02-07). Spain Foreign Policy and Government Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4330-4600-1.
  16. Thomas, Hugh (1961). The Spanish Civil War. Internet Archive. New York, Harper.
  17. "Germany and Italy recognise rebel government | 1930-1939 | Guardian Century". www.theguardian.com. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  18. Keogh, Dermot (1995). Ireland and the Vatican: The Politics and Diplomacy of Church-state Relations, 1922-1960. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-0-902561-96-0.
  19. Halstead, Charles R. (1980). "Peninsular Purpose: Portugal and ITS 1939 Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Spain". Il Politico. 45 (2): 287–311. ISSN 0032-325X. JSTOR 43210145.
  20. Gallagher, Tom (1983). Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0876-4.
  21. "Посол Советского Союза". 2011-08-27. Archived from the original on 2011-08-27. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  22. "General Franco recognised unconditionally". The Guardian. 2011-02-09. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  23. Payne, Stanley G. (1987-11-15). The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11070-3.
  24. Pollard, John (2014-10-31). The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914-1958. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-102657-7.
  25. Australian Participation in the Spanish Civil War
  26. "Australia" (PDF). Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación. OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA. October 2018. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  27. "Australia-Spain 50 years of diplomatic relations | DFAT". www.dfat.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  28. "New Zealanders in the Spanish Civil War - The Spanish Civil War | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  29. "Nueva Zelanda" (PDF). Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación. OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA. October 2018. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
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