Dedollarisation

Dedollarisation is a process of substituting US dollar as the currency used for:

Since the establishment of Bretton Woods system, the US dollar is used as the medium for international trade. In recent years, several countries are transitioning to trade in national currencies.

Regional developments

Australia

In 2013, Australia made an agreement with China to trade in national currencies.[1]

Brazil

In 2013, during the BRICS summit, Brazil made an agreement with China to trade in Brazilian real and Chinese yuan[2]

China

Since 2011, China is gradually shifting from trade in US dollar and in favour of Chinese yuan.[1] It made agreements with Australia, Russia, Japan, Brazil, and Iran to trade in national currencies. It has been reported that in the first quarter of 2020 the share of the dollar in the bilateral trade between China and Russia fell below 50 percent for the first time.[3]

In 2015, China launched CIPS, a payment system which offers clearing and settlement services for its participants in cross-border Renminbi payments and trade as an alternative to SWIFT.[4]

European Union

Since the end of 2019, the EU countries established INSTEX, a European special-purpose vehicle (SPV) to facilitate non-USD and non-SWIFT[5][6] transactions with Iran to avoid breaking U.S. sanctions.[7] On 11 February 2019, Russian deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov stated that Russia would be interested in participating in INSTEX.[8]

Iran

Since March 2018, China started buying oil in gold-backed yuans.[9]

On 31 March 2020, the first Iran-EU INSTEX transaction was concluded. It covered an import of medical equipment to combat the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran.[10][11]

Iraq

In 2000, Iraq announced it would price its oil sales in the Euro, moving away from the US dollar which Saddam described as "the currency of the enemy"[12]

Japan

In 2011, Japan made an agreement with China to trade in national currencies.[13] Sino-Japanese trade is currently worth ~US$300 billion.[14]

Russia

Russia accelerated the process of dedollarisation in 2014 as a result of worsening relations with the West.[15] According to television network RT, Russia is putting significant effort into the phase-out of the dollar as the reserve currency.[16] The country made agreements with China, Venezuela, and Turkey to expand trade in national currencies. In 2019, it was announced that all future arms deals will be done in Russian rubles.[17]

In 2017, SPFS, a Russian equivalent of the SWIFT financial transfer system, was developed by the Central Bank of Russia.[18] The system has been in development since 2014, after the United States government threatened to disconnect Russia from the SWIFT system.[19]

Lukoil, a state-owned company, has announced that it will find a replacement for the dollar.[20]

Venezuela

In August 2018, Venezuela declared that it would price its oil in euros, yuans, rubles and other currencies.[21][22]

See also

References
  1. "News". australianbusiness.com.au. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  2. "So Long, Yankees! China And Brazil Ditch US Dollar In Trade Deal Before BRICS Summit". ibtimes.com. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  3. Алферова, Екатерина (2020-07-29). "Доля доллара в торговле РФ и Китая впервые опустилась ниже 50%". Известия (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  4. sina_mobile (2019-05-23). "865家银行加入人民币跨境支付系统 去年交易额26万亿". finance.sina.cn. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
  5. "European powers launch mechanism for trade with Iran". Reuters. 31 January 2019.
  6. Girardi, Annalisa (9 April 2019). "INSTEX, A New Channel To Bypass U.S. Sanctions And Trade With Iran". Forbes.
  7. Coppola, Frances (30 June 2019). "Europe Circumvents U.S. Sanctions On Iran". Forbes.
  8. "Рябков: РФ будет добиваться участия в механизме внешнеторговых расчетов INSTEX с Ираном" [Ryabkov: Russia will seek participation in the mechanism of foreign trade settlements INSTEX with Iran]. TASS (in Russian). 11 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  9. "China Prepares Death Blow To The Dollar". OilPrice.com. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  10. "INSTEX successfully concludes first transaction". GOV.UK. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 31 March 2020.
  11. "European countries to send medical aid to Iran in first INSTEX transaction". AMN. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  12. "Iraq nets handsome profit by dumping dollar for euro". the Guardian. 2003-02-16. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
  13. "China, Japan to trade in own currencies". UPI.com. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  14. "OEC". oec.world. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  15. "Russia to cut share of U.S. dollar in National Wealth Fund, mulls other currencies". Reuters. 13 November 2019.
  16. "Putin orders end to trade in US dollars at Russian seaports". RT Business News. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  17. "Russia phasing out US dollar in military contracts in favor of local currencies – trade minister — RT Business News". RT.com. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  18. Aitov, Timur (15 March 2018). "Натянутая струна. Возможно ли отключение России от SWIFT". Forbes.ru. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  19. Turak, Natasha (23 May 2018). "Russia's central bank governor touts Moscow alternative to SWIFT transfer system as protection from US sanctions". CNBC. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  20. Gleb Gorodyankin. "Exclusive: Russian oil firm seeks dollar alternative amid U.S. sanctions threat - traders". Reuters. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
  21. "US dollars no longer a quote currency in Venezuela". Xinhua Net. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  22. "Fintech is the new oil in the Middle East and North Africa". Forbes. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
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