Dendrocnide moroides

Dendrocnide moroides, also known as the stinging brush, mulberry-leaved stinger, gympie, gympie stinger,[1] stinger, the suicide plant, or moonlighter, is a plant in the nettle family Urticaceae common to rainforest areas in the north-east of Australia.[2][3][4] Gympie-gympie, its common and original name, comes from the language of the indigenous Gubbi Gubbi people of South Queensland. It is also found in Indonesia. It has stinging hairs which cover the whole plant and delivers a potent neurotoxin when touched, by the small bulb that is found on the tip of the stinging hairs being broken off and penetrating the skin to inject the toxin.[5] It is the most toxic of the Australian species of stinging trees.[2][4] The fruit is edible to humans if the stinging hairs that cover it are removed.[6]

Dendrocnide moroides
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Urticaceae
Genus: Dendrocnide
Species:
D. moroides
Binomial name
Dendrocnide moroides

D. moroides usually grows as a single-stemmed plant reaching 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in–9 ft 10 in) in height. It has large, heart-shaped leaves about 12–22 cm (5–9 in) long and 11–18 cm (4–7 in) wide, with finely toothed margins.

Ecology

The species is unique in the genus Dendrocnide in having monoecious inflorescences in which the few male flowers are surrounded by female flowers.[4] The flowers are small, and once pollinated, the stalk swells to form the fruit. Fruits are juicy, mulberry-like, and are bright pink to purple, they also contain dense hair-like structures capable of injecting a toxin. Each fruit contains a single seed on the outside of the fruit.[7]

The species is an early coloniser in rainforest gaps; seeds germinate in full sunlight after soil disturbance. Although relatively common in Queensland, the species is uncommon in its southernmost range, and is listed as an endangered species in New South Wales.[3][8]

D. cordifolia, D. excelsa and D. photinophylla are other plants in the genus Dendrocnide occurring in Australia. The former is visually similar to D. moroides, while the latter two both grow to be large trees.

Toxicity
D. moroides fruit

Contact with the leaves or twigs causes the hollow, silica-tipped hairs to break off, penetrate the skin and inject the toxins.[9] The hairs cause an extremely painful stinging sensation that could last from several hours to 1–2 days, recurring to a lessening degree for several months or more whenever the area is touched, exposed to water, or subjected to temperature change. The injured area becomes covered with small, red spots joining together to form a red, swollen welt. The hairs are also believed to be released to the air when the plant is cut or cleared in large areas. Workers without respiratory protection have reported sneezing, runny noses, mild nasal bleeding and throat irritation while cutting or clearing. Ernie Rider, who was slapped in the face and torso with the foliage in 1963, said:

For two or three days the pain was almost unbearable; I couldn't work or sleep, then it was pretty bad pain for another fortnight or so. The stinging persisted for two years and recurred every time I had a cold shower. ... There's nothing to rival it; it's ten times worse than anything else.[10]

The sting does not stop several small marsupial species, including the red-legged pademelon; insects, including the leaf beetle Prasyptera mastersi;[11] and birds from eating the leaves.[7]

Moroidin, a bicyclic octapeptide containing an unusual C–N linkage between tryptophan and histidine, was first isolated from the leaves and stalks of Dendrocnide moroides, and subsequently shown to be the principal compound responsible for the long duration of the stings.[12]

Chemical structure of moroidin, the bicyclic octapeptide responsible for the long-lasting pain caused by Dendrocnide moroides sting

There has been anecdotal evidence of some plants having no sting, but still possessing the hairs, suggesting a chemical change to the toxin.[13]

See also

References
  1. "Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 7 Nov 2013.
  2. "Factsheet - Dendrocnide_moroides". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (RFK7). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  3. Harden, Gwen J. (2001). "Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew – New South Wales Flora Online". PlantNET – The Plant Information Network System. 2.0. Sydney, Australia: The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 26 Nov 2013.
  4. Chew, Wee-Lek (1989). "Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew". Flora of Australia: Volume 3 (online version). Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 76; figs 12, 36; map 84. ISBN 978-0-644-08499-4. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  5. Hurley, Marina. "'The worst kind of pain you can imagine' – what it's like to be stung by a stinging tree". The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  6. "Is It Edible? – An introduction to Australian Bush Tucker". ACS Distance Education. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  7. Hurley, M. (2000). "Growth dynamics and leaf quality of the stinging trees Dendrocnide moroides and Dendrocnide cordifolia (Family Urticaceae) in Australian tropical rainforest: implications for herbivores". Australian Journal of Botany. 48 (2): 191–201. doi:10.1071/bt98006.
  8. "Gympie Stinger – profile". Threatened Species. New South Wales, Australia: Department of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  9. Hurley, Marina. "'The worst kind of pain you can imagine' – what it's like to be stung by a stinging tree". The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  10. "Once Stung, never Forgotten", Australian Geographic
  11. Hurley, Marina. "'The worst kind of pain you can imagine' – what it's like to be stung by a stinging tree". The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  12. "proseanet.org: Dendrocnide". Retrieved 2019-12-10.
  13. "Gympie-Gympie losing its sting?" Archived 2016-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Geographic

Further reading
  • Stewart, Amy (2009). Wicked Plants: The Weed that Killed Lincoln's Mother and Other Botanical Atrocities. Etchings by Briony Morrow-Cribbs. Illustrations by Jonathon Rosen. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. ISBN 978-1-56512-683-1.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.