Determining the Outcome of a Match (association football)

Determining the Outcome of a Match is the 10th of the Laws of the Game of association football.[1]

It addresses two aspects of the game:

  • The procedure for scoring a goal
  • Procedures for determining, when necessary, the winner of a "drawn" match, in which each team has scored the same number of goals after 90 minutes.

The current name and content of Law 10 date from 2016.[2] From 1938 until 2016, Law 10 was titled "Method of Scoring", and addressed only the procedure for scoring a goal.[3][4] Procedures for breaking ties were addressed, if at all, in a supplemental section of the laws.[5]

Scoring a goal
Main article: Scoring in association football

Determining the winner of a drawn match

In most games, a draw is an allowable outcome. League competitions using the common three points for a win system award a single point to both teams for a drawn match.

However in some competitions, such as in knock-out tournaments, it is necessary to resolve a victor. Some competitions employ replays, otherwise there are three procedures permitted by Law 10 to determine the winner of a drawn match:[1]

  1. the away goals rule (for two-legged matches only)
  2. extra time, consisting of two periods of 15 minutes each
  3. a penalty shoot-out

Normally these are applied in the order listed above — i.e. for a two legged match, extra time is played if the away goals rule does not determine a victor. After extra time, if the score is still level, a penalty shoot-out takes place.

In a few cup competitions extra time is ignored completely and the game goes directly to penalties. Most of the time this applies to the whole tournament and as is decided before the tournament begins, but on rare occasions can be decided for individual games before kick off. Examples of where this happens include the EFL Cup and County Cups.[6]

Before 1863

Most codes of football from before 1863 provided only one means of scoring (typically called the "goal", although Harrow football used the word "base").[7] The two major exceptions (the Eton field game and Sheffield rules, which borrowed the concept from Eton) both used the "rouge" (a touchdown, somewhat similar to a try in today's rugby) as a tie-breaker.

The 1863 FA laws

The 1863 laws of the game provided for only one means of scoring: the goal. There was no procedure to break ties.

The "touch down"

In February 1866, association football briefly adopted a tie-breaker known as the "touch down" (plural: "touches down"). This "touch down" had similarities to the "rouge" used in the Eton field game and Sheffield rules, and also to the try in today's rugby codes. It was defined thus:[8]

In case the ball goes behind the goal line, a player on the side to whom the goal belongs shall kick it off from the goal line, at the point opposite the place where the ball is touched by a player with any part of his body; but if a player of the opposite side first touches the ball, after it has gone behind the goal line of his adversary, one "touch down" shall be scored by his side, and in the event of no goals being got on either side, or an equal number of goals being got on each side, the side obtaining the greater number of "touches down" shall be the winners of the match

An example of a game being decided by "touches down" is Barnes FC v. Civil Service FC, played on Saturday December 8th, 1866. The match "resulted in a victory for the Civil Service by three touches down to none, no goal being obtained by either side".[9] In the historic London v. Sheffield match played on March 31st 1866, "London" (a representative team from the Football Association) won by two goals and four touches down to nil.[10]

The "touch down" lasted only one year. It was abolished in February 1867, on the basis of a proposal by Wanderers FC.[11] FA Secretary Robert Graham later explained the benefit of its removal, writing that "the whole play is now directed to obtaining a goal, whereas formerly this chief object in the game was frequently lost sight of in the efforts to obtain a 'touch down'".[12]

Explicit statement that the goal is the only means of scoring

In 1923, the following statement was added to the Laws of the Game:[13]

A game shall be won by the team scoring the greater number of goals. If no goals have been scored, or the scores are equal at the end of the game, the game shall be drawn

This change was made in order to prevent the use of the corner-kick as a tie-breaker.[14]

Drawing of lots

Before 1970, the laws of the game said nothing about the means by which ties should be broken in a tournament which required a definitive result. The most common practice, as seen in the 1928 Olympics "consolation final" and the semi-final of the 1968 European Championships, was to use a random procedure such as drawing of lots or tossing a coin.

Use of corner-kicks as tiebreaker

Despite the 1923 law mentioned above, the Dublin City Cup (until the 1960s) and Dublin and Belfast Inter-City Cup (in the 1940s) used corner count as a tiebreaker in knockout rounds.[15][16]

Penalty shoot-out

The use of drawing of lots was "discontinued" by the International Football Association Board at its 1970 meeting, to be replaced by the penalty shoot-out.[17]

Golden goal

The golden goal, originally known as "sudden death", was a procedure introduced experimentally in 1993,[18] by which the first team to score during extra-time was declared to be the winner. The golden goal was used at the 1998 and 2002 World Cup tournaments, before being abolished in 2004.[19] During the latter part of this period, a variant known as the "silver goal" was also used.

References
  1. "Laws of the Game 2018/19" (PDF). theifab.com. IFAB. p. 91. Retrieved 2019-01-24.
  2. "Laws of the Game 2016/17" (PDF). p. 113. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
  3. "Laws of the Game 2015/2016" (PDF). fifa.com. FIFA. p. 35. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
  4. "The Revised Laws: X -- Method of Scoring". Evening Telegraph. Dundee: 8. 1938-07-26.
  5. e.g. "Procedures to Determine the Winner of a Match or Home-And-Away", in "Laws of the Game 2015/2016" (PDF). fifa.com. FIFA. pp. 55–57. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
  6. "Carabao Cup games to go straight to penalties after EFL removes extra time". Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  7. This was true even of the form of football played at Rugby school, where the predecessor of today's try was, as the name suggests, of value only because of the opportunity it offered to "try" to score a goal by kicking the ball through the posts, in the predecessor of today's conversion.
  8. Laws of the Game (1866)  – via Wikisource.; emphasis added
  9. "Civil Service v. Barnes Club". The Sportsman (156): 4. 1866-12-13.
  10. "London v Sheffield". Bell's Life in London (2294): 10. 1866-04-07.
  11. Laws of the Game (1867)  – via Wikisource.
  12. "Kicking Behind Goal Line". Field: 424. 1867-11-23.
  13. Laws of the Game (1923)  – via Wikisource.
  14. "En Passant". Athletic News: 1. 1923-04-02. This change is not quite so unnecessary as it might appear, for matches have been decided by corner-kicks to prevent replays in charity games late in the season.
  15. Farrell, Gerard (1 October 2015). "The 1945 Inter-City Cup: War, Goals, Controversy and death by corner kicks". Bohemian FC. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  16. DeLoughry, Sean (28 May 2015). "Ireland - Dublin City Cup Winners". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  17. "International Football Association Board: 1970 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved 2019-01-24.
  18. "International Football Association Board: 1993 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 29. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
  19. "Amendments to the Laws of the Game -- 2004" (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
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