Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 ("DSHEA"), is a 1994 statute of United States Federal legislation which defines and regulates dietary supplements.[1] Under the act, supplements are effectively regulated by the FDA for Good Manufacturing Practices under 21 CFR Part 111.[2]

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
Long titleA bill to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to establish standards with respect to dietary supplements, and for other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)DSHEA
Enacted bythe 103rd United States Congress
EffectiveOctober 25, 1994
Citations
Public law103-417
Statutes at Large108 Stat. 4325
Codification
Acts amendedFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Titles amended21 U.S.C.: Food and Drugs
U.S.C. sections amended
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the Senate as S. 784 by Orrin G. Hatch (R–UT) on April 7, 1993
  • Committee consideration by Committee on Labor and Human Resources and Committee on Energy and Commerce
  • Passed the Senate on August 13, 1994 (pass voice vote)
  • Passed the House on October 7, 1994 (pass without objection)
  • Senate agreed to amendment on October 8, 1994 (agreed voice vote)
  • Signed into law by President William J. Clinton on October 25, 1994

Background

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the American Congress was evaluating several bills which would have increased the powers of the FDA. One of these acts, the Nutrition Advertising Coordination Act of 1991 would have tightened the regulations regarding supplement labeling. In response to the proposed bill, many health food companies began lobbying the government to vote down the laws and told the public that the FDA would ban dietary supplements.[3] A notable ad featured the actor Mel Gibson being raided and arrested by FDA agents because he was taking vitamin C supplements.[4] Gerald Kessler, chief executive of Nature Plus, a dietary supplement manufacturer and one of the leaders of the lobbying effort, accused the FDA of having "a bias against the supplement industry for 50 years."[4]

Senator Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) and Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) introduced the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in 1994. On October 25, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed the Act into law, saying that "After several years of intense efforts, manufacturers, experts in nutrition, and legislators, acting in a conscientious alliance with consumers at the grassroots level, have moved successfully to bring common sense to the treatment of dietary supplements under regulation and law."[5]

Definition of supplement

DSHEA defines the term "dietary supplement" to mean a product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more dietary ingredients, including a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any of the aforementioned ingredients.[6] Furthermore, a dietary supplement must be labeled as a dietary supplement and be intended for ingestion and must not be represented for use as conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or of the diet.[6] In addition, a dietary supplement cannot be approved or authorized for investigation as a new drug, antibiotic, or biologic, unless it was marketed as a food or a dietary supplement before such approval or authorization.[6] Under DSHEA, dietary supplements are deemed to be food, except for purposes of the drug definition.[6]

Dietary supplement labels

A "label" is a display of written, printed, or graphic material on the supplement container. DSHEA and other federal regulations require the following information to appear on dietary supplement labels:[6]

  • a statement of identity that contains the words "dietary supplement." The word "dietary" may be replaced by the name of the dietary ingredient (e.g., "ginseng supplement")[6]
  • net quantity of contents (for example, "60 capsules")[6]
  • nutrition information in the form of a "Supplement Facts" panel, including the product serving size, the amount, and percent daily value, if established, of each dietary ingredient[6]
  • if a supplement contains a proprietary blend, the net weight of the blend as well as a listing of each ingredient in descending order of weight must be identified[6]
  • the part of the plant used, if an herb or botanical[6]
  • the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor[6]
  • a complete list of ingredients by their common or usual names, either in descending order of prominence or with the source of the dietary ingredient in the "Supplement Facts" panel following the name of the dietary ingredient (for example, calcium (from calcium carbonate))[6]
  • safety information that is considered "material" to the consequences that may result from the use of the supplement[6]
  • the disclaimer "This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease" if the supplement bears a claim to affect the structure or function of the body (structure/function claim), a claim of general well-being, or a claim of a benefit related to a classical nutrient deficiency disease.[6]
  • At their discretion, manufacturers may add additional information on labels (such as claims and statements of quality assurance), and may decide on the placement of that information on their labels.[6]

Regulatory review

Under the act, supplement manufacturers do not need to receive FDA approval before marketing dietary supplements that were marketed in the United States before 1994.[7] Dietary ingredients not so grandfathered are defined as New Dietary Ingredients in 21 U.S.C. 350b(d),[8] and notifications of providing reasonable evidence of their safety, or reasonable expectations of their safety, must be reviewed (not approved) by the FDA prior to their marketing.[9] The herbal supplement industry has criticized these regulations as unfairly stringent; some feel they undermine the original intentions of the law to afford the herbal supplement industry freedom to market supplements as food.[10]

Reception

Some research has noted that there is scarce safety information available to the public about dietary supplements on the market.[11] Other research has shown that the FDA has an insufficient network in the dietary supplement marketplace for responding to reports of adverse events.[12]

Supplement manufacturers and supplement consumer advocacy groups have generally welcomed the act, saying that the act protects consumers rights to readily have access to supplements.[13] National Health Freedom Action calls DSHEA a "foundational cornerstone of health freedom in our country." [14]

Criticism

The act has been widely criticised. Steven Novella has said that

The deal that DSHEA and NCCAM made with the public was this: Let the supplement industry have free reign [sic] to market untested products with unsupported claims, and then we’ll fund reliable studies to arm the public with scientific information so they can make good decisions for themselves. This "experiment" (really just a gift to the supplement industry) has been a dismal failure. The result has been an explosion of the supplement industry flooding the marketplace with useless products and false claims.[15]

The act has also been criticised because supplement manufacturers are not required to demonstrate supplements safety before marketing the supplements. The FDA can only ban a supplement if the FDA finds proof that the supplement is dangerous. This means that unsafe or ineffective supplements can be sold freely, while the FDA has only a limited capacity to monitor adverse reactions from supplements.[16][17] David Kessler, commissioner of the FDA when DSHEA was approved, has stated that

The 1994 Dietary Supplement Act does not require that dietary supplements (defined broadly to include many substances, such as herbs and amino acids, that have no nutritive value) be shown to be safe or effective before they are marketed. The FDA does not scrutinize a dietary supplement before it enters the marketplace. The agency is permitted to restrict a substance if it poses a 'significant and unreasonable risk' under the conditions of use on the label or as commonly consumed ... Congress has shown little interest in protecting consumers from the hazards of dietary supplements, let alone from the fraudulent claims that are made, since its members apparently believe that few of these products place people in real danger. Nor does the public understand how potentially dangerous these products can be.[18]

Critics also claim that many supplements are unsafe and unnatural, while many members of the public believe that supplements are natural as well as healthier and more effective than drugs.[19] DSHEA has also been criticised for being an industry driven bill, that the bill is made for the supplement industry, a multibillion-dollar industry, and not for consumers.[20]

See also

References
  1. "Six versions of Bill Number S.784 for the 103rd Congress". THOMAS.gov.
  2. "Dietary Supplements". FDA Office of Dietary Supplement Programs. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  3. New York Times. 1998. "Unregulated Dietary Supplements."
  4. Molotsky, Irvin. 1993. "U.S. Issues Rules on Diet Supplement Labels." New York Times.
  5. "Chapter I - Dietary Supplement Health And Education Act of 1994". www.health.gov.
  6. Janet Rehnquist (March 2003), Department of Health and Human Services - Office of the Inspector General - Dietary Supplement Labels: Key Elements (PDF), United States Department of Health and Human Services, OEI-01-01-00120, retrieved 2 April 2013
  7. FDA. "Dietary Supplements."
  8. FDA.gov - New Dietary Ingredients in Dietary Supplements - Background for Industry
  9. "Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know". Dietary Supplements: Information for Consumers. FDA. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  10. FDA Draft Guidance on New Dietary Ingredients for the Dietary Supplement Industry Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  11. Abdel-Rahman, A.; Anyangwe, N.; Carlacci, L.; Casper, S.; Danam, R. P.; Enongene, E.; Erives, G.; Fabricant, D.; Gudi, R.; Hilmas, C. J.; Hines, F.; Howard, P.; Levy, D.; Lin, Y.; Moore, R. J.; Pfeiler, E.; Thurmond, T. S.; Turujman, S.; Walker, N. J. (2011). "The Safety and Regulation of Natural Products Used as Foods and Food Ingredients". Toxicological Sciences. 123 (2): 333–348. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfr198. PMID 21821733.
  12. Frankos, V. H.; Street, D. A.; O'Neill, R. K. (2009). "FDA Regulation of Dietary Supplements and Requirements Regarding Adverse Event Reporting". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 87 (2): 239–244. doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.263. PMID 20032973.
  13. Alliance for Natural Health- USA. "Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)."
  14. National Health Freedom Action. "Protect DSHEA!" Archived 2013-10-25 at the Wayback Machine
  15. Novella, Steven. 2013. "Herbs are Drugs." Skeptical Inquirer.
  16. Loxton, Daniel (2007). "The Immortal Lily The Pink: The 100th anniversary of the FDA marks a milestone in medicine before which cranks and charlatans ran amok". Skeptic.
  17. "Dietary Supplements and Safety". The New York Times. 2013-12-26.
  18. Barrett, Stephen (2007). "How the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 Weakened the FDA". Quackwatch.
  19. Skerrett, Patrick. 2012. "FDA needs stronger rules to ensure the safety of dietary supplements." Harvard University Health Blog.
  20. David Gorski (a.k.a. Orac) (8 March 2010). ""Big supplement" lashes out, and John McCain caves in".
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