Directorate-General for Civil Protection and Emergencies

The first measures around civil protection in Spain were taken in 1941 when the Central Office for Passive Defence and Territory was created to protect the population and the resources and wealth of the country. This Central Office depended directly on the Office of the Prime Minister and it was headed by a general officer of the Army.[3]

However, the true origin of this body is found almost two decades later, in May 1960. This year the Central Office was reformed and the Directorate-General for Civil Protection was created with the main objective of creating an organ with the same denomination that was used in the international scope. Its functions, prime-ministerial dependence and military character remained intact. With this reform, offices began to be created in each province, chaired by civil governors. On these depended in turn the local offices chaired by the town and city mayors.[4]

Civil Protection Boat

In 1967, the directorate-general was relegated to the rank of sub-directorate-general and integrated into the Directorate-General of the Civil Guard, which since 1943 had some units for these purpose. In this way, civil protection functions were assigned to the Ministry of the Interior.[5] A 1968 Decree structured and granted powers to the sub-directorate, based on those already existing of the directorate-general. In addition, it developed and regulated its several units, maintained the service to its full extent, guaranteed the dissemination of the media, reinforced cooperation with the Civil Guard and respected the local and provincial character traditionally recognized for the fight against emergencies.[6] Since 1976, the sub-directorate general became dependent on the Directorate-General for Internal Policy.[7]

Already in 1980, during the term of Minister Juan José Rosón, the civil protection system was strengthened with the creation of a collective body to coordinate the action of the rest of departments, administrations and organizations, both public and private. This body was the National Civil Protection Committee. Likewise, the Directorate-General for Civil Protection was recovered and structured through a General Secretariat and the information, operational coordination and mobilization services. Civil governors assumed the coordination and provincial direction of civil protection.[8] On September 14, 1981, the civil protection badge was created.[9]

In July 1982, a new structure was approved based on two sub-directorates-general: one of Studies and Organization for conducting studies, for training and improvement of professional and volunteer staff, as well as assuming the secretariat of the National Committee and preparing the legislation; and a sub-directorate-general of Operations for operational intervention and drills.[10] In January 1985, the first Civil Protection Act was passed.[11] In 1999 a representative of the Nuclear Safety Council was integrated in the National Civil Protection Committee.

Civil Defence Vehicle in Úbeda, Andalusia.

It was in 2004 when the term “Emergencies” was added to the name of the directorate-general.[12]

A Canadair CL-215 of the Spanish Air Force, dedicated to fight against wildfires.

The Spanish National Civil Protection System is structured through three levels: national, regional and local. It is currently regulated by the National Civil Protection System Act of 2015.[13]

In the nation-wide level, the Ministry of the Interior exercises the higher direction, coordination and inspection of the actions and resources used to accomplish with the civil protection plans. The Department do so through the Directorate-General for Civil Protection and Emergencies. Also, in the national level, it does exists the National Council on Civil Protection (formerly known as "National Civil Protection Committee"), integrated by representatives of all administrations to coordinate the civil protection, and the Civil Protection National School, where the personnel is formed and trained. The School also offers official grades and it develops R&D projects.[13]

In the regional level, the autonomous communities are authorized to regulate its own civil defence systems, but always with a coordination body with representatives of all administrations and the higher coordination of the State. The State, and all the regions have their own Civil Protection Plan.

Duties and obligations of citizens

Spanish Medal of Civil Defence Merit.

All citizens, since the coming of age, are subject to the obligation to collaborate, personally and materially, in civil protection, in case of requirement by the competent authorities. This obligation consist in complying with the prevention and protection measures established by law to protect persons and goods when required.

In cases of serious risk, catastrophe or public calamity, all residents in the national territory are obliged to perform personal provisions required by the competent authority, without the right to compensation for this cause, and to comply with general or individuals orders that the authority dictates.

In 1982, the central government created the Medal of Merit of Civil Protection to "distinguish natural or legal persons that stand out for their activities in the protection, at preventive and operational level, of persons and property that may be affected by emergency situations in cases of serious risk, catastrophe or public calamity, by carrying out singular acts that involve notorious risk or exceptional solidarity, singular collaboration with the competent authorities in the direction and coordination of intervention resources in such circumstances or altruistic cooperation with them in actions of technical, pedagogical, research, economic or social purpose, as well as in continuous and relevant actions of interest for Civil Protection".[14]

Ranks

Chief Coordinator	Group Chief	Group Deputy Chief	Group Secretary	Unit Chief	Section Chief	Group Chief	Team Chief	Volunteer

To carry out its duties, the directorate-general has the following sub-directorates or deputy directorates-general:[15]

• The Subdirectorate General for Prevention, Planning and Emergencies, responsible for establishing the general guidelines of the civil protection system and to organanice education programs and drills. In general, is the body responsible for the operative maintaince of the system and to supervise the European Center for Social Research in Emergency Situations.
• The Subdirectorate General for Resource Management and Aids, responsible for the economic management of the civil protection system, as well as managing the aids in case of catastrophe.
• The Subdirectorate General for Training and Institutional Relations, responsible for the training programs to the System's personnel and volunteers, as well as managing the relations of the directorate-general with the national and international institutions and organizations. In this subdirectorate is integrated the Civil Protection National School.

• Military Emergencies Unit
• Civil defense
• Civil defense by country