Dowth

Dowth (Irish: Dubhadh) is a Neolithic passage tomb located in the Boyne Valley, County Meath, Ireland. It is one of the three principal tombs of the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site – a landscape of prehistoric monuments including the large passage-tombs of Dowth, Newgrange and Knowth. Unlike Newgrange and Knowth, Dowth has not been independently dated, but its features align it with the other passage tombs which date from between approximately 3200 and 2900 BC.[1] However, Harbison (1970) dates the tomb at 2500 – 2000 BC.[2] It is less developed as a tourist attraction than its neighbours, partly because the chamber is much lower, and partly because the decoration is less visible. It was partly excavated, in 1847 by the Royal Irish Academy who dynamited the roof causing the still visible crater,[3][4] though it was pillaged by Vikings and earlier looters long before that.. Archaeological and geophysical field surveys of the entire site, including later monuments, were carried out episodically from 2012-2015.[5] In July 2018, another passage tomb in the grounds of nearby Dowth Hall was excavated, revealing significant examples of Neolithic rock art similar to those at Dowth and the other Brú na Bóinne sites.[6]

Dowth
Aerial view of Dowth
Shown within Ireland
Locationvalley of the River Boyne
RegionCounty Meath, Ireland
Coordinates53.70365°N 6.4502°W / 53.70365; -6.4502
Typepassage grave
Part ofBrú na Bóinne
History
PeriodsNeolithic
TypeCultural
Criteriai, iii, iv
Designated1993 (17th session)
Part ofBrú na Bóinne - Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne
Reference no.659
Ireland
RegionEurope and North America
Official nameDowth Mound & Dowth Passage Tomb
Reference no.410 & 652

Description

The cairn or tumulus is about 85 metres (280 ft) in diameter and 15 metres (50 ft) high,[2] and surrounded by large kerbstones, some of which are decorated. Quartz was found fallen outside the kerbing, suggesting that the entrance to this tomb was surrounding by glittering white, as at Newgrange. Three stone-lined passages lead into the mound from the west. These are two passage tombs (known as Dowth North and Dowth South) and a souterrain.

The longest of the passages (Dowth North) is 18.2 metres in length and is crossed by 3 sill-stones and ends in a cruciform chamber[7] with a lintelled (not corbelled as in Newgrange or Knowth) roof. Dowth South is 3.5 metres long and ends in a roughly circular chamber with a modern concrete roof (the original roof having collapsed).[7] In Dowth North, several of the orthostats (upright stones) of the passage and chamber are decorated with spirals, chevrons, lozenges and rayed circles. On the floor stands a single stone basin, 1.4m x 1m in size. The right-hand arm of the cross leads into another long rectangular chamber with an L-shaped extension entered over a low sill, sometimes referred to as 'the annex'.[8] This may be the earliest part of the tomb, later brought within the design of the cruciform tomb. This annex is floored with a 2.4 metre-long flagstone containing an oval bullaun (artificial depression). Until recently the cruciform tomb was reached by climbing down a ladder in an iron cage, and crawling about over loose stones. Now, access is restricted, and all the features are guarded by metal grilles.

A kerbstone with cup-marks, a spiral and a flower-like design marks the entrance to Dowth South. While the current roof is modern, it is possible the original one was corbelled, as at Newgrange.[8] This tomb has a few decorated stones, and a large right-hand recess.

The third entrance visible on the west side of Dowth is an early Christian souterrain.[2] It leads into the passage of Dowth North and was constructed around the 10th or 11th century CE.[1] The Annals of Ulster and the Annals of the Four Masters refer to Norsemen plundering the "cave‟ of Dowth around 862 CE; the "cave" in this description may refer to the souterrain.[9]

The mound originally had about 115 kerbstones surrounding it. Kerbstone 51, sometimes called the Stone of the Seven Suns, features a number of radial circular carvings,[8] similar to those at Loughcrew.

The mound was extensively excavated in the 19th century, and the crater caused by digging appears not to have been filled in, leading to its being subsequently used for stone quarrying.[10]

Sketches of stone carvings from Dowth

Astronomical alignment

Dowth shares a special solar celebration with neighbouring Newgrange during the winter solstice. Martin Brennan, author of The Stars and the Stones: Ancient Art and Astronomy in Ireland - Thames and Hudson 1983,[11] discovered the remarkable alignment during the course of his ten-year study in the Boyne Valley. From November to February the rays of the evening sun reach into the passage and then the chamber of Dowth South. During the winter solstice the light of the low sun moves along the left side of the passage, then into the circular chamber, where three stones are lit up by the sun.[12]

Chamber entrance

The convex central stone reflects the sunlight in to a dark recess, lighting up the decorated stones there. The rays then recede slowly along the right side of the passage and after about two hours the sun withdraws from Dowth South.[12]

References
  1. Fenwick, Joe (2015). "A reassembly of the monumental fragments in Dowth townland and their significance as an integral part of the prehistoric numinous precince of Brú na Bóinne, Co. Meath". Journal of Irish Archaeology. XXIV: 19–49. hdl:10379/7311.
  2. Harbison, Peter (1970). Guide to the National Monuments of Ireland. Gill & Macmillan.
  3. O'Kelly, M. J.; O'Kelly, Claire; O'Sullivan, V. R.; Frith, R. H. (1983), "The Tumulus of Dowth, County Meath", Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature, 83C: 135–190, JSTOR 25506098
  4. Harbison, Peter (2007), "In Retrospect: The Royal Irish Academy's only archaeological excavation: Dowth in the Boyne Valley", Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature, 107C: 205–213, JSTOR 40657903
  5. Fenwick, Joseph (2018). "A reappraisal of the archaeological remains in the vicinity of the great passage tomb and manorial village of Dowth, Brú na Bóinne, Co. Meath". Journal of Irish Archaeology. XXVI: 2. hdl:10379/7294.
  6. Edwards, Elaine (16 July 2018). "5,500-year-old passage tomb at Dowth is 'find of a lifetime'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  7. "Dowth Megalithic Passage Tomb - Boyne Valley, Ireland". www.knowth.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  8. "Dowth | Built heritage | Brú na Bóinne | World Heritage | World Heritage Ireland". www.worldheritageireland.ie. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  9. Fenwick, Joseph (2018). "A reappraisal of the archaeological remains in the vicinity of the great passage tomb and manorial village of Dowth, Brú na Bóinne, Co. Meath". Journal of Irish Archaeology. XXVI: 12. hdl:10379/7294.
  10. O'Kelly M. & O'Kelly C. (1983). "The tumulus of Dowth, County Meath". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 83C: 135–90.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  11. The Stars and the Stones was later re-published as The Stones of Time: Calendars, Sundials and Stone Chambers of Ancient Ireland, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8928-1509-8; ISBN 0-89281-509-4
  12. "Dowth Winter Solstice Sunsets - Boyne Valley Ireland". www.knowth.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
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