Elapoidea

The Elapoidea are a superfamily of snakes in the clade Colubroides, traditionally comprising the families Lamprophiidae and Elapidae. Advanced genomic sequence studies, however, have found lamprophiids to be paraphyletic in respect to elapids.[5][6] In describing the subfamily Cyclocorinae, Weinell et al. (2017) suggested some or all subfamilies of Lamprophiidae should be reevaluated at full family status as a way to prevent the alternative, which is classifying them as elapids.[6]

Elapoidea
Indian cobra (Naja naja)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Clade: Colubroides
Superfamily: Elapoidea
Boie, 1827
Families, subfamilies and genera

Below is the phylogeny of Elapoidea after Weinell et al. (2017), with the interrelations of Elapid after Lee et al. (2016)[4] and Figueroa et al. (2016):[5]

Elapoidea
 

Prosymnidae

 
 
 

Buhoma

 
 
Psammophiidae
 

Pseudaspidinae

 
 

Psammophiinae

 
 
 
 
Lamprophiidae
 

Pseudoxyrhophiinae

 
 
 

Micrelapiinae

 
 
 

Psammodynastiinae

 
 

Lamprophiinae

 
 
 
 
 
Elapidae
 

Calliophiinae

 
 
 

Micrurinae

 
 
 

Najinae

 
 
 

Bungarinae

 
 
 

Elapsoidea

 
 

Hydrophiinae

 
 
 
 
 
 
Atractaspididae
 

Cyclocorinae

 
 

Atractaspidinae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Notes
  1. The elapids in the past were considered to have two subfamilies–the Elapinae made of terrestrial species and Hydrophiinae made of the marine species.[1] In 1997, Slowinski, Knight and Rooney found in their phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences from venom proteins, that the Australasian terrestrial species nested within the Hydrophiinae. This led to removing the Australasian terrestrial species and placing them in Hydrophiinae.[2][1] This has been supported in subsequent recent genomic analyses, though these same studies also found the subfamily Elapinae to be paraphyletic in respect to the Hydrophiinae.[3][4][5] These studies have found coral snakes, cobras and mambas, kraits, and African gartersnakes forming successive outgroups to Hydrophiinae.[4][5] Since clade names are available for these groups with the exception of the Elapsoidea, bringing back the subfamilies Calliophiinae, Micrurinae, Najinae, and Bungarinae is ideal.

References
  1. Mattison, C. (2007). The New Encyclopedia of Snakes. Princeton University Press.
  2. Slowinski, J. B.; Knight, A.; Rooney, A. P. (1997). "Inferring Species Trees from Gene Trees: A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Elapidae (Serpentes) Based on the Amino Acid Sequences of Venom Proteins". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 8 (3): 349–362. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.324.3013. doi:10.1006/mpev.1997.0434. PMID 9417893.
  3. Pyron; Burbrink; Wiens (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
  4. Lee, M. S.; Sanders, K. L.; King, B.; Palci, A. (2016). "Diversification rates and phenotypic evolution in venomous snakes (Elapidae)". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (1): 1. Bibcode:2016RSOS....350277L. doi:10.1098/rsos.150277. PMC 4736917. PMID 26909162.
  5. Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
  6. Weinell, J. L.; Brown, R. M. (2017). "Discovery of an old, archipelago-wide, endemic radiation of Philippine snakes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 119: 144–150. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.004. PMID 29162550.


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