Eleanor Marx

Eleanor Marx (middle) with her two sisters - Jenny Longuet, Laura Marx, father Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Eleanor Marx was born in London on 16 January 1855, the sixth child and fourth daughter[2] of Karl Marx and his wife Jenny von Westphalen. She was called "Tussy" by her family from a young age. She showed an early interest in politics, even writing to political figures during her childhood.[3] The hanging of the "Manchester Martyrs" when she was twelve, for example, horrified her and shaped her lifelong sympathy for the Fenians.[2] Her father's story-telling also inspired an interest in literature, she could recite passages by William Shakespeare at the age of three.[4] By her teenage years this love of Shakespeare led to the formation of the "Dogberry Club" at which she, her family and the family of Clara Collet,[5] all recited Shakespeare whilst her father watched.

While Karl Marx was writing his major work Das Kapital in the family home, his youngest daughter Eleanor played in his study. Marx invented and narrated a story for Eleanor based on an antihero called Hans Röckle. Eleanor reports that this was one of her favourite childhood stories. The story is significant because it offered Eleanor lessons through allegory of Marx's critique of political economy which he was writing in Das Kapital.[6] As an adult, Eleanor was involved in translating and editing volumes of Das Kapital.[7] She also edited Marx's lectures Value, Price and Profit and Wage Labour and Capital, which were based on the same material, into books.[8] Eleanor Marx's biographer, Rachel Holmes, writes: "Tussy's childhood intimacy with [Marx] whilst he wrote the first volume of Das Kapital provided her with a thorough grounding in British economic, political and social history. Tussy and Capital grew up together".[9]

At the age of sixteen, Eleanor became her father's secretary and accompanied him around the world to socialist conferences.[4] A year later, she fell in love with Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray, a journalist and participant of the Paris Commune, who had fled to London after the Commune's suppression.[2] Although he agreed with the man politically, Karl Marx disapproved of the relationship because of the age gap between the two, Lissagaray being 34 years old. In May 1873 Eleanor moved away from home to Brighton working as a schoolteacher; she lived at 6 Vernon Terrace in the Montpelier suburb,[10] returning to London in September 1873.[11]

In 1876 she helped Lissagaray write History of the Commune of 1871, and later translated it into English.[12] Her father liked the book but was still disapproving of his daughter's relationship with its author. By 1880 Karl changed his view of the situation, allowing her to marry him. However, by then Eleanor herself was having second thoughts. She terminated the relationship in 1882.[4]

Eleanor Marx, pencil drawing by Grace Black in 1881

In the early 1880s, she had to nurse her ageing parents, but her mother died in December 1881. From August 1882 she also cared for her young nephew Jean Longuet for several months, easing the burden on her elder sister, Jenny Longuet, who died in January 1883 of bladder cancer. Her father died two months later, in March 1883.[13] After this, Eleanor and Edward Aveling, overseen by Friedrich Engels, prepared the first English language edition of Das Kapital volume I, published in 1887.[14] On Engels' death in 1895, they together sorted and stored her father's extensive papers.[15]

Eleanor Marx (middle) with Wilhelm Liebknecht (left) and Edward Aveling (right) photographed in New York while their tour to America in 1886

In 1884, Eleanor joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) led by Henry Hyndman and was elected to its executive. During her work in the SDF, she met Edward Aveling, with whom she would spend the rest of her life despite his faithlessness, thievery from the movement, and mental cruelty.[16]

In 1885, after some bitter polemics, there was a split in the organization. Eleanor Marx and some others left SDF, and founded the rival Socialist League.

The split had two root causes: personality problems, as Hyndman was accused of leading the SDF in a dictatorial fashion,[4] and disagreements on the issue of internationalism. In this point Hyndman was accused by Marx among others of nationalist tendencies. He was, for example, opposed to Marx's idea of sending delegates to the French Workers' Party calling the proposal a "family manoeuvre", since Eleanor Marx's sister Laura and her husband Paul Lafargue were members of that party. Therefore, both Marx and Aveling became founding members of the Socialist League, whose most prominent member was William Morris.[2]

Other leaders of the Socialist League were Ernest Belfort Bax, Sam Mainwaring, and Tom Mann, the latter two being representatives of the working class. Annie Besant was also an active member.

Marx wrote a regular column called "Record of the Revolutionary International Movement" for the Socialist League's monthly newspaper, Commonweal.[17]

In 1884, Marx met Clementina Black, a painter and trade unionist, and became involved in the Women's Trade Union League. She would go on to support numerous strikes including the Bryant & May strike of 1888 and the London Dock Strike of 1889. She spoke to the Silvertown strikers at an open meeting in November 1889 alongside her friends Edith Ellis and Honor Brooke. She helped organise the Gasworkers' Union and wrote numerous books and articles.[4]

In 1885, she helped organise the International Socialist Congress in Paris.[4] The following year, she toured the United States along with Aveling and the German socialist Wilhelm Liebknecht, raising money for the Social Democratic Party of Germany.[3]

By the late 1880s, the Socialist League was deeply divided between those advocating political action and its opponents – who were themselves split between those like William Morris who felt that parliamentary campaigns represented inevitable compromises and corruptions, and an anarchist wing which opposed all electoral politics as a matter of principle. Marx and Aveling, as firm advocates of the principle of participation in political campaigns, found themselves in an uncomfortable minority in the party. At the 4th Annual Conference of the Socialist League the Bloomsbury branch, to which Marx and Aveling belonged, moved that a meeting of all socialist bodies should be called to discuss the formation of a united organisation. This resolution was voted down by a substantial margin, as was another put forward by the same branch in support of contesting seats in both local and parliamentary elections. Moreover, the Socialist League at this occasion suspended the 80 members of the Bloomsbury branch on the grounds that the group had put up candidates jointly with the SDF, against the policy of the party. The Bloomsbury branch thus exited the Socialist League for a new, albeit brief, independent existence as the Bloomsbury Socialist Society.[18]

Along with many other leading Socialists, Eleanor took active role in organizing the London demonstration of 13 November 1887 that resulted in the suppression of the Bloody Sunday (1887).[19] Several other demonstrations followed in the aftermath, with Eleanor urging the radical line.[20] In the aftermath of Bloody Sunday, Marx wrote a report on the brutal treatment of women activists and protestors at the hands of police, decrying their actions of targeting women.[21]

In 1893, Keir Hardie founded the Independent Labour Party (ILP). Marx attended the founding conference as an observer, while Aveling was a delegate. Their goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards Marxism failed, however, as the party remained under a strong Christian socialist influence. In 1897, Marx and Aveling re-joined the Social Democratic Federation, like most former members of the Socialist League.[2]

After acquiring admission into the Reading Room of the British Museum, Eleanor first began work as a paid translator during the late 1870s. She spent many days here, taking information and working on her translations.[22] In the late 1880s, Eleanor accomplished the first English translation of Madame Bovary.[23] Additionally, Eleanor translated Reuben Sachs by Amy Levy to German.[24] Eleanor was involved as a translator or editor in 14 known works.[25]

In the 1880s, Eleanor Marx became more interested in theatre and took up acting, believing in its potential for promulgating socialism.[4] In 1886, she performed a ground breaking if critically unsuccessful reading of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House in London, with herself as Nora Helmer, Aveling as Torvald Helmer, and George Bernard Shaw as Krogstad.[26]

She also translated various literary works, including the first English translation of Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary. She expressly learnt Norwegian in order to translate Ibsen's plays into English, and in 1888, was the first to translate An Enemy of Society. Two years later, the play was revised and renamed An Enemy of the People by William Archer. Marx also translated Ibsen's The Lady from the Sea in 1890.[27][28]

A blue plaque was placed on Marx's house at 7 Jews Walk, Sydenham

In 1898, Eleanor discovered that the ailing Edward Aveling had secretly married a young actress, to whom he remained committed. Aveling's illness seemed to her to be terminal, and Eleanor was deeply depressed by the faithlessness of the man she loved.

On 31 March 1898, Eleanor sent her maid to the local chemist with a note to which she signed the initials of the man the chemist knew as "Dr. Aveling," asking for chloroform (some sources say "padiorium") and a small quantity of hydrogen cyanide (then called "prussic acid") for her dog.[29][30] On receiving the package, Eleanor signed a receipt for the poisons, sending the maid back to the chemists to return the receipt book. Eleanor then retired to her room, wrote two brief suicide notes, undressed, got into bed, and swallowed the poison.[31]

The maid discovered Eleanor in bed, scarcely breathing, when she returned. A doctor was called for but Eleanor had died by the time he arrived. She was 43. A post mortem examination determined the cause of death to have been poison.[31] A subsequent coroner's inquest delivered a verdict of "suicide while in a state of temporary insanity," clearing Aveling of criminal wrongdoing, but he was widely reviled throughout the socialist community as having caused Eleanor to take her life.[30]

A funeral service was held in a room at the London Necropolis railway station at Waterloo on 5 April 1898, attended by a large throng of mourners. Speeches were made by Aveling, Robert Banner, Eduard Bernstein, Pete Curran, Henry Hyndman and Will Thorne. Following the memorial, Eleanor Marx's body was taken by rail to Woking and cremated.[32] An urn containing her ashes was subsequently kept safe by a succession of left wing organisations, including the Social Democratic Federation, the British Socialist Party, and the Communist Party of Great Britain, before finally being buried alongside the remains of Karl Marx and other family members in the tomb of Karl Marx at Highgate Cemetery in London in 1956.[33]

On 9 September 2008 an English Heritage blue plaque was placed on the house at 7 Jews Walk, Sydenham, south-east London, where Eleanor spent the last few years of her life.[34]

• The Factory Hell. With Edward Aveling. London: Socialist League Office, 1885.
• The Woman Question. With Edward Aveling. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1886.
• Shelley's Socialism: Two Lectures. London: privately printed, 1888.
• Israel Zangwill / Eleanor Marx: "A doll's house" repaired. London (Reprinted from: "Time", March 1891).
• The Working Class Movement in America. With Edward Aveling. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1891.
• The Working Class Movement in England: A Brief Historical Sketch Originally Written for the "Voles lexicon" Edited by Emmanuel Wurm. London: Twentieth Century Press, 1896.

• Edward Bernstein, Ferdinand Lassalle as a Social Reformer. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1893.
• Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary: Provincial Manners. Vizetelly & Co., London 1886
• Henrik Ibsen, An Enemy of the People. Walter Scott Publishing Co., London 1888
• Henrik Ibsen, The Pillars of Society and Other Plays. London: W. Scott, 1888.
• Henrik Ibsen, The Lady from the Sea. Fisher T. Unwin, London 1890
• Henrik Ibsen, The Wild Duck: A Drama in Five Acts. W.H. Baker, Boston 1890
• Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray, History of the Commune of 1871. Reeves / Turner, London 1886
• George Plechanoff, Anarchism and Socialism. Twentieth Century Press, London 1895