Elizabeth Fox, Baroness Holland

Elizabeth Vassall Fox, Baroness Holland (1771 – London, November 1845) was an English political hostess and the wife of Whig politician Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland. With her husband, and after his death, she hosted political and literary gatherings at their home, Holland House.

Elizabeth Holland, by Louis Gauffier

Biography
Elizabeth Vassall Fox, Lady Holland; Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron Holland; Mrs Brown, portrait by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer

Elizabeth Vassall was born in 1771 in London, the only child and universal heiress of Richard Vassall, a planter in Jamaica and Mary Clarke, and granddaughter of Florentius Vassall, a wealthy planter and slave-owner in Jamaica whose last will was dated 1777.[1][2]

First marriage

She married Sir Godfrey Webster, 4th Baronet in 1786. He was more than 20 years older than she was.[2] They had five children:[3]

She was intensely unhappy in her marriage and she spent much of the early 1790s travelling in Europe, visiting France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy.[2] She enjoyed the guidance and friendship of the Duchess of Devonshire and politician Thomas Pelham with whom she had an affair resulting in a daughter, Harriet Frances (b.1794).[1][2][4]

Second marriage

In 1794, Lady Webster met in Naples Whig politician Henry Fox, 3rd Baron Holland, two years her junior, and they embarked on a love affair.[2] They had seven children:[3]

  • General Charles Richard Fox (6 November 1796 – 13 April 1873). Born before the marriage of his parents.
  • The Hon. Stephen Fox (18 January 1799 – 22 November 1800).
  • A son (born and died 17 March 1801).
  • Henry Edward Fox, 4th Baron Holland (7 May 1802 – 18 December 1859).
  • The Hon. Mary Elizabeth Fox (19 February 1806 – 7 December 1891),[5] married on 24 May 1830 Thomas Powys, 3rd Baron Lilford.
  • The Hon. Georgiana Anne Fox (7 November 1809 – 31 October 1819).
  • A daughter (born and died 24 June 1812).[2]

On 4 July 1797 she was divorced by Webster on the grounds of adultery.[1] She married Holland two days later, on 6 July.[1] They lived together in Holland House in Kensington, then just outside London, and for many years hosted the elite of Whig society. Visitors included Lord Grey, George Tierney, Samuel Rogers, Walter Scott, Ugo Foscolo, Sydney Smith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan.[6]

Lady Holland became known by her guests, and contemporary observers for her domineering nature, in contrast to her husband.[7] In his journals, Sydney Smith, a friend of both Lord and Lady Holland, called her a "formidable woman".[8] Actress Fanny Kemble visited Holland house with her sister Adelaide Kemble described what she called the "domineering rudeness" of Lady Holland.[9] Lady Holland's rule extended not only to all of the guests at Holland House but to Lord Holland too. She dictated when he should go to bed, what he should wear and would have servants take him away from the table in his wheelchair when he was in the middle of telling a story.[10][11]

Both Lord and Lady Holland were great admirers of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1815, Lady Holland commission a bronze bust of him from sculptor Antonio Canova, which was placed in the garden at Holland House.[2][12] After Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena in 1815, Lady Holland sent him supplies of food and hundreds of books.[13] Napoleon remembered Lady Holland in his will and following his death in 1821, his companions General Henri Gratien Bertrand and the Marquis de Montholon arrived at Holland House, delivering a snuffbox.[13] The gold snuffbox, which had been a gift to Napoleon from Pope Pius VI, was bequeathed by Lady Holland to the British Museum.[2]

Lord Holland died on 22 October 1840. After his death, Lady Holland lived at 33 South Street, a property she had inherited from her mother.[2] She continued to entertain, and it was here that the historian John Allen died in 1843.[14] In November of that year she moved to 9 Great Stanhope Street, a property she rented from Lord Palmerston.[2]

Lady Holland died in 1845. By the end of her life, she had become estranged from her children. She supposedly said to Lord John Russell 'I hate my son, I don't like my daughter'.[4] In his Memoirs, diarist Charles Greville called Lady Holland "a social light which illuminated and adorned England, and even Europe, for half a century".[15]

Introduction of the dahlia

Lady Holland became known for permanently introducing the dahlia to the United Kingdom. An unsuccessful attempt had been made in 1789 by the Marchioness of Bute who brought the plant from Spain, but failed to propagate it.[16] Whilst in Madrid in 1804, Lady Holland was given either dahlia seeds or roots by botanist Antonio José Cavanilles.[17][18] She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian Mr Buonaiuti at Holland House, who successfully raised the plants.[19] In 1824, Lord Holland sent his wife a note containing the following verse:

"The dahlia you brought to our isle

Your praises for ever shall speak;
Mid gardens as sweet as your smile,

And in colour as bright as your cheek."[20]

Ownership of slaves

When the ownership of slaves was finally abolished in the British Empire in 1834, the government paid Compensation for slavery - not to the enslaved people, but to the slaveholders. The government paid £20m, 40% of the HM Treasury's annual spending budget (£17 billion in today's terms) in compensation. This vast sum of borrowed money was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers and only finally repaid in 2015. Her compensation was paid to her husband Lord Holland[21] who was associated with three different claims, for the 401 enslaved people on the estates in Jamaica and received a £7,211 payment at the time (worth £689 thousand in 2021[22]). Lord Holland's entry in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, which gave an account of his political career, explained that Holland adopted the name Vassall in 1800 'to safeguard his children's rights to his wife's West Indian fortune' - but was otherwise silent on the tensions around Holland's position as slave-owner.[23]

References
  1. Hartley, Cathy, ed. (2003) [1983]. A Historical Dictionary of British Women. London: Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 173–174. ISBN 1-85743-228-2.
  2. Wright, C. J. "Fox, Elizabeth Vassall, Lady Holland". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10028. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. The New England Historical and Genealogical Register. Volume 17: The Vassalls of New England. New England Historic Genealogical Society. 1863. p. 126.
  4. Dolan, Brian (2003). Ladies of the Grand Tour. Flamingo.
  5. "Biography of 3rd Baron Lilford". The Lilford Estate, Northamptonshire, England. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  6. McCalman, Iain (2001). An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture, 1776–1832. Oxford University Press. p. 546. ISBN 0-19-924543-6.
  7. Bevington, Helen Smith (1996). The Third and Only Way: Reflections on Staying Alive. Duke University Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-8223-1850-4.
  8. Smith, Sydney (1856). Wit and wisdom of the Rev. Sydney Smith. Redfield. p. 89.
  9. Kemble, Frances Anne (2008). Records of Later Life. BiblioBazaar. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-554-98916-7.
  10. Bradford, Gamaliel (2007). Portraits of Women. READ BOOKS. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4067-4591-7.
  11. Sanders, Lloyd (1972). Holland House Circle. Ayer Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 0-405-08915-5.
  12. Malan, A. H. Famous Homes of Great Britain and Their Stories. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 164. ISBN 1-4212-6949-X.
  13. Clubbe, John (2005). Byron, Sully, and the power of portraiture. Ashgate Publishing. p. 168. ISBN 0-7546-3814-6.
  14. Lennox, Lady Sarah; Henry Fox Holland (1902). The life and letters of Lady Sarah Lennox. J. Murray.
  15. McCabe, Joseph (1920). A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. p. 263. ISBN 1-110-36603-5.
  16. Heriot, James (1836). Journal of Agriculture. W. Blackwood. p. 72.
  17. Forbes, James; John Russell Bedford (1833). Hortus woburnensis. J. Ridgway. p. 246.
  18. Stout, Charles H. (2008). The Amateur's Book of the Dahlia. READ BOOKS. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4097-7778-6.
  19. Hogg, Robert (1853). The Dahlia; Its History and Cultivation. Groombidge and sons. p. 5.
  20. Ward, Bobby J. (1999). A contemplation upon flowers. Timber Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-88192-469-5.
  21. Kathleen Mary Butler: The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica and Barbados, 1823-1843. UNC Press Books, 2017
  22. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  23. "Details of Claim, Legacies of British Slave-ownership - Henry Richard Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland". University College London. Retrieved on 20 March 2019.


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