Embassy of the United States, Caracas

On 1958, shortly after the overthrow of Venezuelan dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez, Vice President of the United States Richard Nixon's motorcade was attacked in Caracas during his 1958 goodwill tour of South America. Nixon ended up unharmed and his entourage managed to reach the U.S. embassy.

Two different accounts explain how Nixon's car was ultimately able to escape the mob and continue to the embassy. According to one version of events, the U.S. press corps' flatbed truck, accompanying the motorcade, was used to clear a path through the crowd.[1] In Nixon's remembrance of the incident, Associated Press photographer Hank Griffin at one point had to use his camera to beat back a protester who tried to mount the truck.[2] According to a second account, soldiers of the Venezuelan Army arrived and cleared the traffic, thereafter moving the mob back at bayonet-point to allow Nixon's car to pass.[3]

Shortly after the Nixons arrived at the embassy, the Venezuelan army surrounded and fortified the chancellery, reinforcing the small U.S. Marine guard force. Their assistance had earlier been requested by the U.S. ambassador. That afternoon, members of the ruling junta arrived at the embassy and lunched with Nixon. The next morning, representatives of Venezuela's major labor unions came to the embassy and requested an audience with Nixon, which was granted. The union leaders apologized for events of the preceding day.[4]

Additional activities were canceled, and Nixon departed Caracas the next morning, seven hours early. His motorcade to the airport was protected by a major deployment of Venezuelan Army infantry and armored forces in the capital.[5][6] Nixon described having taken the same route as before, whose streets were empty and heavy patrolled after the whole area had been tear-gassed.[7]

On 17 February 1976, gunmen fired at the embassy from a car, leaving no injuries and causing minimal damage.[8]

During the presidencies of Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro, relations between Venezuela and the United States deteriorated. On 11 September 2008, Ambassador Patrick Duddy left Venezuela after Chávez claimed that he was involved in an American-led initiative to remove him from office.[9] Duddy eventually returned to his position in July 2009[10] but after his assignment ended in July 2010, Chávez refused a replacement for the ambassador, which would be Larry Leon Palmer.[11]

On 2 March 2015, President Maduro accused the United States of plotting a coup against him and demanded that the Embassy of the United States in Caracas reduce its staff from over 200 workers to 17 individuals within two weeks.[12][13] With about 232,500 applications made through the embassy in 2014, this created fears that difficulties would arise for the demand of visas by Venezuelans.[12] Despite Maduro's orders, the staff did not change at the embassy.[13]

In December 2017, Todd D. Robinson was appointed by President Donald Trump to be charge d'affairs en pied at the embassy in Caracas, Venezuela. In January 2018, Robinson attempted to obtain the release of American citizen, Joshua Holt who had been jailed in the country by meeting with Venezuelan foreign minister, Jorge Arreaza.[14] On 22 May the same year, Robinson and his deputy, Brian Naranjo were expelled from the country as persona non grata by Nicolas Maduro, the newly re-elected president.[15] Days later, Joshua Holt was freed and allowed to return to the USA.[16]

On 23 January 2019, Maduro announced the unilateral breakdown of diplomatic relations with the United States, giving 72 hours to US diplomatic officials to leave the country. The decision came after President Donald Trump recognized Juan Guaidó as interim president of Venezuela.[17] On 12 March 2019, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced over Twitter that the US would withdraw all remaining personnel from the embassy within the week, citing the increasingly deteriorating situation in the country.[18]

On 5 April 2019, the United States signed a protecting power agreement with Switzerland to represent its interests in Venezuela,[19] however, the agreement is not yet operational as it has not been approved by Maduro's government[20][21] due to the United States rejecting Maduro's government's proposal to have Turkey as its protecting power as the United States only recognizes Guaidó as interim president.[22][23] In the meantime, the United States has instead established a "Venezuela Affairs Unit" section at the U.S. Embassy in Bogota, Colombia to serve as an interim diplomatic office to Venezuela.[24]