Enamel hypoplasia

It can be caused by any of the following:

Irreversible enamel defects caused by an untreated celiac disease. They may be the only clue to its diagnosis, even in absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but are often confused with fluorosis, tetracycline discoloration, or other causes.[9][10][11] The National Institutes of Health include a dental exam in the diagnostic protocol of celiac disease.[9]

• Nutritional factors.[12]
• Some diseases (such as undiagnosed and untreated celiac disease,[13][14][15] chicken pox, congenital syphilis[12]).
• Hypocalcemia.[12]
• Fluoride ingestion (dental fluorosis).[12]
• Birth injury.[12]
• Preterm birth.[12]
• Infection.[12]
• Trauma from a deciduous tooth.[12]
• 

  Teeth displaying enamel hypoplasia lines, linear defects of enamel that form during crowns development as a result of periods of nutritional stress or disease during infancy and childhood.
  Abnormalities in amelogenesis.

Enamel hypoplasia is a developmental defect that can affect the primary and permanent teeth in one of two ways. It is sometimes identified as a physically missing tooth structure, and can be seen as pits, grooves or just missing parts in the crown of the tooth.

Hypomineralization, on the other hand, is a mere decrease in the mineral content of the enamel. It can be severe enough to give the tooth a translucent appearance or mild enough to maintain its opacity. It is the hypomineralization that leads to soft enamel. Enamel hypocalcification is a defect of tooth enamel in which normal amounts of enamel are produced but are hypomineralized. In this defect the enamel is softer than normal.[16]

Therefore, enamel hypoplasia is a defect involving the surface of the enamel associated with a reduced localized thickness of enamel without dentinal exposure. Studies have suggested that enamel hypoplasia, particularly in anterior teeth, is associated with early childhood caries. Hypoplasia in primary anterior teeth is associated with prenatal smoking, excessive weight gain, low birth weight, prematurity and post-natal measles.[17] The random distribution of the round shape of the hypoplastic defects of enamel with hypomineralization, in which there is a continuity of the incremental lines, suggested the possibility that some ameloblasts maintained hypoactivity of their secretory function during their total life span.[18] These changes were confined to the ameloblastic layer. However in severe cases, there was an associated change in the stratum intermedium. They may be submitted as an evidence that enamel hypoplasia is essentially a disturbance in the ameloblasts.[19]

Enamel hypoplasia or hypomineralization may be caused by :

• systemic factors such as nutritional factors, exanthematous diseases like measles and chickenpox, congenital syphilis, hypocalcaemia, birth injury or premature birth, fluoride ingestion or idiopathic causes.
• local factors such as infection or trauma from a deciduous tooth.

Environmental enamel hypoplasia/hypomineralization of systemic or local origin is also termed as “chronologic hypoplasia”. This lesion is found in areas of those teeth where the enamel was being formed during the systemic or local disturbance. Since the formation of enamel extends over a long period and the systemic or local disturbance, in most cases are of short duration, the defect is limited to a circumscribed area of the affected teeth or tooth. Thus knowing the chronological development of deciduous and permanent teeth will make it possible to determine from the location of the defect, the approximate time at which the injury occurred.[20] More recently enamel hypoplasia has been produced in sheep by

1. physical trauma[21][22]
2. systemic illness induced by intestinal parasites[23][24]
3. a daily high dose of fluoride for a short period.[25] These findings indicated that hypoplastic defects are formed during the secretory phase of amelogenesis i.e. duration of the insult is relatively short, and it is the severity that determines the extent of the defect and the translucency of the partially formed enamel. Aetiology does not seem to be of major importance, since local and systemic factors result in defects with a similar appearance and physical characteristics.

• Hereditary factors (enamel hypoplasia/hypomineralization is known as amelogenesis imperfecta). It is transmitted in the family as a mendelian dominant trait which affects enamel of all the teeth, deciduous as well as permanent.[26]

Turner's hypoplasia is an abnormality found in teeth. Its appearance is variable, though usually is manifested as a portion of missing or diminished enamel on permanent teeth. Unlike other abnormalities which affect multiple teeth, Turner's hypoplasia usually affects only one tooth in the mouth and, it is referred to as a Turner's tooth.

If Turner's hypoplasia is found on a canine or a premolar, the most likely cause is an infection that was present when the primary (baby) tooth was still in the mouth. Most likely, the primary tooth was heavily decayed and an area of inflamed tissues around the root of the tooth (called a periapical inflammation), affecting the development of the permanent tooth. The appearance of the abnormality will depend on the severity and longevity of the infection.

If Turner's hypoplasia is found in the front (anterior) area of the mouth, the most likely cause is a traumatic injury to a primary tooth. The traumatized tooth, which is usually a maxillary central incisor, is pushed into the developing tooth underneath it and consequently affects the formation of enamel. Because of the location of the permanent tooth's developing tooth bud in relation to the primary tooth, the most likely affected area on the permanent tooth is the facial surface (the side closer to the lips or cheek). White or yellow discoloration may accompany Turner's hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia may also be present.

Turner's hypoplasia usually affects the tooth enamel if the trauma occurs prior to the third year of life. Injuries occurring after this time are less likely to cause enamel defects since the enamel is already calcified.

The same type of injury is also associated with the dilaceration of a tooth.