Enrique Bermúdez

Enrique Bermúdez Varela (December 11, 1932 – February 16, 1991),[1] aka. Comandante 380, was a Nicaraguan soldier and rebel who founded and commanded the Nicaraguan Contras. In this capacity, he became a central global figure in one of the most prominent conflicts of the Cold War.

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Bermúdez and the second or maternal family name is Varela.
Enrique Bermúdez
Nickname(s)Comandante 3-80
BornDecember 11, 1932
León, Nicaragua
DiedFebruary 16, 1991(1991-02-16) (aged 58)
Managua, Nicaragua
AllegianceNational Guard, Contras
Service/branchEngineer
Years of service1952–1979
RankLieutenant Colonel
Commands held15th of September Legion, Nicaraguan Democratic Force
Battles/warsContra Insurrection
Relationswife: Elsa Italia Mejía; children: Claudia, Enriquillo, Angela, Elsita

Bermúdez founded the largest Contra army in the war against Nicaragua's Sandinista coalition government of Marxists, students, businessmen, and church groups, which received minor support from the Soviet Union, much more from Cuba, and most democratic governments in Latin America such as Costa Rica and Venezuela. From 1979 until the end of the military conflict in 1990, Bermudez was the Contras' top military commander. In addition to being responsible for all of the Contras' military operations, Bermúdez ultimately helped manage the Contras' transition to an opposition political party in the early 1990s, after the second election in post-Somoza Nicaragua ended in defeat for the Sandinistas. The first election, held in 1984 with severe irregularities resulted in a victory for the FSLN and its candidate, Daniel Ortega; it was the rejection of this questionable outcome that led the Contras to continue their insurgency until Ortega and the FSLN had been ejected from office. On February 16, 1991, Bermudez was assassinated in Managua.[2]

Founding the Nicaraguan contras

Bermúdez was born on December 11, 1932 in León, Nicaragua, the son of a mechanical engineer and a domestic servant. After graduating from the military academy in 1952, he took a commission in the engineer corps of the Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel under former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, and was serving as military attaché to the United States at the time of the 1979 revolution in Nicaragua by the Sandinistas.

Bermúdez moved almost immediately into armed opposition against the new government, ultimately becoming one of the most influential leaders in the armed opposition to the Sandinista government. Together with Ricardo Lau, he created the 15th of September Legion, the first armed opposition movement against the Sandinistas. In 1981, Bermúdez returned to Tegucigalpa, Honduras, from exile in Miami, United States. He would later become commander of the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN), the primary Contra movement.

During the Contra war, Bermúdez held the nom de guerre Comandante 380.

Role in prominent Cold War conflict

The Contras' guerrilla war against the Sandinista government became one of the most contentious and prominent Cold War conflicts, with the United States supporting the Contras through overt and covert military assistance, and the Soviet Union, Cuba, East Germany and other Eastern Bloc nations supporting the Sandinistas. Under the Reagan Doctrine, through which the U.S. believed it could drive the Soviet Union out of Central America and other regions around the world, the U.S. began supplying Bermúdez' Contras with arms and other support.

Criticisms

Assessments of Bermúdez's military and political leadership varied. His supporters believed that he provided stability among the fractious rebels, holding the FDN together while other Contra factions splintered. Critics, however, charged that he failed to provide strategic direction for the FDN's campaigns, and that he hampered the Contras' effectiveness by rewarding loyal cronies and ex-Guardsmen instead of the most able commanders. Discontent finally led to a council of field commanders ousting Bermúdez, as well as the purging of the Contras' predominantly Miami-based political leadership. Many of the members of the so-called Council were then suspects in his death, along with the Sandinista government.

Critics of the Contras also alleged that Bermúdez was one of several figures who had been engaged in cocaine and other drug-running as a Contra commander.

Relations with U.S.

Bermúdez, however, was the key military leader behind the Contras' war. He also was a key contact for the Reagan administration, who saw him, along with Adolfo Calero, as their primary contacts within the Contra leadership. Votes on U.S. aid to the Contras were some of the most contentious and close votes in the United States Congress during the 1980s, but the predominant sentiment in Congress was that continued aid to the Contras was critical both to establishing a non-communist government in Nicaragua and driving the Soviet Union from the American hemisphere during the height of the Cold War.

Autobiography: The Contras' Valley Forge

In the Summer 1988 issue of Policy Review magazine, Bermúdez told the most comprehensive account of his life, a lengthy autobiographical essay titled "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis", in which the Contra leader chronicled his life from his early career as a military attache to Somoza through the height of the conflict between the Contras and Sandinista government.[3]

In the article, Bermúdez staunchly criticized the Sandinistas for their alliances with the Soviet Union and Cuba and for betraying promises they made to establish a representative democracy.[4] However, Bermúdez also issued some criticism at U.S. policy, writing that some Democrats, such as Jim Wright, then the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, were appeasing the Sandinista regime in ways that were inhibiting the Contras' in their effort to overthrow the Sandinista government. The article was authored by conservative author and writer (and then Policy Review editor) Michael Johns, who interviewed Bermúdez over a series of days in Tegucigalpa, Honduras in May and June 1988.[5][6]

Assassinated in Managua

Following the Sandinista defeat in the 1990 elections, Bermúdez returned to Managua, only to be gunned down on February 16, 1991 after being lured to a meeting at Managua's InterContinental Hotel. He was shot in the hotel's parking lot as he departed the hotel after those with whom he was meeting failed to show. In 1994, Bermúdez' daughter, Claudia Bermúdez, told The Miami Herald: "There were a lot of people who would have benefited from having my dad put away--the Sandinistas, the Chamorro government, the United States. My dad died with a lot of information."

Personal

In the last years of the Contra War, Bermúdez had taken up reading the works of noted libertarian author Ayn Rand. While serving as commander of the semi-secret Contra headquarters on the Nicaragua-Honduras border code named "Aguacate" - Spanish for Avocado - he was known for taking solitary walks in the nearby jungle, taking photographs of intricate spiderwebs.[7] Bermúdez is survived by family members, most of whom live in Miami. He was buried in Miami, following a funeral mass that was attended by many of his U.S. and Nicaraguan supporters.

In 2002 and 2004, his daughter, Claudia Bermúdez, now a resident of the San Francisco area, ran unsuccessfully against incumbent Democrat Barbara Lee for California's 9th congressional district seat. She remains heavily engaged in public policy-related initiatives in the district.

See also

Notes
  1. Digital, Edición (2017-02-16). "Así fue el asesinato del Comandante 380 en 1991". La Prensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  2. Kinzer, Stephen (1984-11-05). "Sandinistas Hold Their First Elections". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  3. "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaragua Crisis", by Enrique Bermudez (with Michael Johns), Policy Review magazine, Heritage Foundation, Summer 1988
  4. "1984: Sandinistas claim election victory". 1984-11-05. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  5. "Shultz to Visit Central America on Faltering Talks", The New York Times, June 19, 1988
  6. "For the Record" The Washington Post, August 4, 1988
  7. The Fort Scott Tribune - Oct 17, 1986 Plane's Crash Revives Contra Support Debate

References
  • Enrique Bermúdez (with Michael Johns), "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis," Policy Review, Heritage Foundation, Summer 1988..
  • Shirley Christian, Nicaragua: Revolution in the Family, Vintage, 1986, ISBN 0-394-74457-8.
  • Glenn Garvin, Everybody Had His Own Gringo: The CIA and the Contras, Brassey's (US), 1992, ISBN 0-08-040562-2.
  • Roy Gutman, Banana Diplomacy: The Making of American Policy in Nicaragua, 1981-1987, Simon & Schuster, 1988, ISBN 0-671-60626-3.
  • "Shultz to Visit Central America on Faltering Talks" The New York Times, June 19, 1988 (covering Bermúdez' Summer 1988 autobiography in Policy Review).
  • United States Department of State, Special Report No. 174, Nicaraguan Biographies: A Resource Book, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1988.
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