Erle Stanley Gardner

The First National Bank Building in Ventura, where Gardner wrote drafts for first Perry Mason novels

Gardner was born in Malden, Massachusetts, the son of Grace Adelma (Waugh) and Charles Walter Gardner.[2][3] Gardner graduated from Palo Alto High School in California in 1909 and enrolled at Valparaiso University School of Law in Indiana. He was suspended after approximately one month when his interest in boxing became a distraction. He returned to California, pursued his legal education on his own, and passed the state Bar exam in 1911. A law degree was not a prerequisite for bar candidates at that time; law students could sit for the examination as soon as they felt qualified.[4] [nb 1].

He started his legal career by working as a typist in a law firm in California for 3 years. In 1911 he was admitted to the Bar and started as a trial lawyer by defending poor people, in particular Chinese and Mexican immigrants. His active interest in defending those who were wrongly implicated and those who didn't have anyone to support them, led to his founding The Court of Last Resort in the 1940s, which was an organization that was dedicated to helping people who were imprisoned unfairly or couldn't get a fair trial.[5]

In 1912, Gardner wed Natalie Frances Talbert. They had a daughter, Grace.[6] He opened his first law office in Merced in 1917, but closed it after accepting a position at a sales agency. In 1921, he returned to law as a member of the Ventura firm Sheridan, Orr, Drapeau, and Gardner,[4] where he remained until 1933.[7]

Gardner enjoyed litigation and the development of trial strategy but was otherwise bored by legal practice. In his spare time, he began writing for pulp magazines. His first story was published in 1923. He created many series characters for the pulps, including the ingenious Lester Leith, a parody of the "gentleman thief" in the tradition of A. J. Raffles; and Ken Corning, crusading lawyer, crime sleuth, and archetype for his most successful creation, Perry Mason. While the Perry Mason novels did not delve into their characters' lives very much, the novels were rich in plot detail which was reality-based and drawn from his own experience.[8] In his early years writing for the pulp magazine market, Gardner set himself a quota of 1,200,000 words a year.[9]^:13 When asked why his heroes always defeated villains with the last bullet in their guns, Gardner answered, "At three cents a word, every time I say ‘Bang’ in the story I get three cents. If you think I'm going to finish the gun battle while my hero still has fifteen cents worth of unexploded ammunition in his gun, you're nuts".[10] Early on, he typed stories himself, using two fingers, but later dictated them to a team of secretaries.

Under the pen name A. A. Fair, Gardner wrote a series of novels about the private detective firm of Cool and Lam. In another series, district attorney Doug Selby litigated against attorney Alphonse Baker Carr in an inversion of the Perry Mason scenario. Prosecutor Selby is portrayed as a courageous and imaginative crime solver; his antagonist A. B. Carr is a wily shyster whose clients are invariably "as guilty as hell".

Gardner remained with Sheridan, Orr, Drapeau, and Gardner until 1933, when The Case of the Velvet Claws was published. Much of that story is set at the historic Pierpont Inn near his law office.[7] In 1937, Gardner moved to Temecula, California, where he lived for the rest of his life.

With the success of the Mason series, more than 80 novels, Gardner gradually reduced his contributions to the pulp magazines until the medium died in the 1950s. Thereafter, he published a few short stories in the "glossies", such as Collier's, Sports Afield, and Look,[11] but most of his postwar magazine contributions were nonfiction articles on travel, Western history, and forensic science. Gardner's readership was a broad and international one, and included the English novelist Evelyn Waugh, who in 1949 called Gardner the best living American writer.[12][13]

Perry Mason executive producer Gail Patrick Jackson (left) and Erle Stanley Gardner speak with Hollywood columnist Norma Lee Browning during filming of the last episode, "The Case of the Final Fade-Out" (1966)

Gardner also created characters for various radio programs, including Christopher London (1950), starring Glenn Ford, and A Life in Your Hands (1949–1952).[14]^{:10, 157} He created Perry Mason as a recurring character in a series of Hollywood films of the 1930s, and then for the radio program Perry Mason, which ran from 1943 to 1955. In 1954, CBS proposed transforming Perry Mason into a TV soap opera. When Gardner opposed the idea, CBS created The Edge of Night, featuring John Larkin—who voiced Mason on the radio show—as a thinly veiled imitation of the Mason character.[14]^:199–201

In 1957, Perry Mason became a long-running CBS-TV series, starring Raymond Burr in the title role. Burr had auditioned for the role of the district attorney Hamilton Burger, but Gardner reportedly declared he was the embodiment of Perry Mason.[15] Gardner made an uncredited appearance as a judge in "The Case of the Final Fade-Out" (1966), the last episode of the series.[16][17]^:24

He had a lifelong fascination with Baja California and wrote a series of nonfiction travel accounts describing his extensive explorations of the peninsula by boat, truck, airplane, and helicopter.

The Court of Last Resort (1952) earned Gardner his only Edgar Award, in the Best Fact Crime category.

Gardner devoted thousands of hours to "The Court of Last Resort", in collaboration with his many friends in the forensic, legal, and investigative communities. The project sought to review, and when appropriate, reverse miscarriages of justice against criminal defendants who had been convicted because of poor legal representation, abuse, misinterpretation of forensic evidence, or careless or malicious actions of police or prosecutors. The resulting 1952 book earned Gardner his only Edgar Award, in the Best Fact Crime category,[18] and was later made into a TV series, The Court of Last Resort.

In 1912, Gardner wed Natalie Frances Talbert (16 July 1885 — 26 February 1968). Their only child, Natalie Grace Gardner,[6] was born in Ventura, California, on January 25, 1913. Gardner and his wife separated in the early 1930s, but did not divorce, and in fact their marriage lasted 56 years, until Natalie's death in 1968. After that, Gardner married his secretary Agnes "Jean" Bethell[19] (née Walter; 19 May 1902 – 5 December 2002), the daughter of Ida Mary Elizabeth Walter (née Itrich; 24 December 1880 — 3 March 1961).

Gardner's daughter, Natalie, was married twice. Firstly, Alan Robert McKittrick (23 January 1900 — 23 November 1962), with whom she had two children, Valerie Joan Naso (née McKittrick; 19 August 1941 — 12 November 2007) and Alan G. McKittrick. Secondly, two years after McKittrick's death, in 1964, Natalie remarried to Anthony Toby Naso (20 March 1916 — 7 October 1996). After her death on 29 February 2004, aged 91, Mrs. Naso was buried next to her second husband in the West Line Street Cemetery.

Gardner's widow died in 2002, aged 100, in San Diego. She was a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. She is survived by her brother, Norman Walter. A scattering of ashes was planned.

Gardner died of cancer diagnosed in the late 1960s[20] on March 11, 1970, at his ranch in Temecula[6][21]—the best-selling American writer of the 20th century at the time of his death.[6] His death followed by five days that of William Hopper, who played private detective Paul Drake in the Perry Mason TV series. Gardner was cremated and his ashes scattered over his beloved Baja California peninsula.[9]^:305 The ranch, known as Rancho del Paisano at the time, was sold after his death, then resold in 2001 to the Pechanga Indians, renamed Great Oak Ranch, and eventually absorbed into the Pechanga reservation.

The Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin holds Gardner's manuscripts, art collection, and personal effects. From 1972 to 2010, the Ransom Center featured a full-scale reproduction of Gardner's study that displayed original furnishings, personal memorabilia, and artifacts.[22] The space and a companion exhibition were dismantled, but a panoramic view of the study is available online.[23]

In 2003, a new school in the Temecula Valley Unified School District was named Erle Stanley Gardner Middle School.[24][25]

In December 2016, Hard Case Crime published The Knife Slipped, a Bertha Cool–Donald Lam mystery, which had been lost for 75 years. Written in 1939 as the second entry in the Cool and Lam series, the book was rejected at the time by Gardner's publisher.[26] Published for the first time in 2016, as a trade paperback and ebook, the work garnered respectful reviews.[27][28] Hard Case Crime followed publication of The Knife Slipped with a reissued edition of Turn On the Heat, the book Gardner wrote to replace The Knife Slipped, in 2017 and has announced a new edition of The Count of Nine to appear in October 2018.[29]

An unspecified article Gardner wrote for True magazine is referenced by William S. Burroughs in his 1959 novel, Naked Lunch.[30]

Gardner's name is well known among avid crossword puzzle solvers, because his first name contains an unusual series of common letters, starting and ending with the most common letter of the English alphabet, and because few other famous people have that name. As of January 2012, he is noted for having the highest ratio (5.31) of mentions in the New York Times crossword puzzle to mentions in the rest of the newspaper among all other people since 1993.[31]

In 2001, Huell Howser Productions, in association with KCET, Los Angeles, featured Gardner's Temecula Rancho del Paisano in California's Gold. The 30-minute program is available as a VHS videorecording.[32]

• Fugate, Francis L. and Roberta B. (1980). Secrets of the World's Best-Selling Writer: The Story Telling Techniques of Erle Stanley Gardner. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03701-1.
• Hughes, Dorothy B. (1978). Erle Stanley Gardner: The Case of the Real Perry Mason. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03282-6.
• Johnston, Alva (1947). The Case of Erle Stanley Gardner. New York: William Morrow.
• Mundell, E. H. (1968). Erle Stanley Gardner: A Checklist. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0873380347.
• Senate, Richard L. Erle Stanley Gardner's Ventura: Birthplace of Perry Mason. Ventura, California: Citation Press. ISBN 0-9640065-5-3.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erle Stanley Gardner.

• Works by Erle Stanley Gardner at Faded Page (Canada)
• Erle Stanley Gardner Study at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin
• Erle Stanley Gardner at Thrilling Detective
• Essay on Erle Stanley Gardner
• Erle Stanley Gardner pages with extensive bibliographic and other information, including pulp publications
• Works by or about Erle Stanley Gardner in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Erle Stanley Gardner searching for lost mines in Popular Science magazine
• Episodes of A Life in Your Hands, a radio program created by Gardner, in the public domain
• Episodes of Christopher London, a radio program created by Gardner, in the public domain
• I Love Lucy, "The Black Eye", Lucy's book is The D.A. Takes a Chance
• Howser, Huell (January 8, 2002). "Erle Stanley Gardner (4005)". California's Gold. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.