Eupatorieae

Eupatorieae is a tribe of over 2000[1][2] species of plants in the aster family. Most of the species are native to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate areas of the Americas, but some are found elsewhere.[3][4] Well-known members are Stevia rebaudiana (used as a sugar substitute), a number of medicinal plants (Eupatorium), and a variety of late summer to autumn blooming garden flowers, including Ageratum (flossflower), Conoclinium (mistflower), and Liatris (blazing star or gayfeather).

Eupatorieae
Ageratum houstonianum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Supertribe: Helianthodae
Tribe: Eupatorieae
Cass. 1819
Subtribes
  • Adenostemmatinae
  • Ageratinae
  • Alomiinae
  • Ayapaninae
  • Critoniinae
  • Disynaphiinae
  • Eupatoriinae
  • Fleischmanniinae
  • Gyptidinae
  • Hebecliniinae
  • Hofmeisteriinae
  • Liatrinae
  • Mikaniinae
  • Neomirandeinae
  • Oaxacaniinae
  • Oxylobinae
  • Piqueriinae
  • Praxelinae
  • Trichocoroninae
  • Trichogoniinae

Plants in this tribe have only disc florets (no ray florets) and petals which are white, slightly yellowish off-white, pink, or purple (never a full yellow).[3][5]

Within the aster family, the Eupatorieae are in the subfamily Asteroideae.[6] Within Asteroideae, they are in the supertribe Helianthodae.[7] Within Helianthodae, they belong to an informal group without taxonomic rank called the phytomelanin cypsela clade, which contains 11 tribes.

The sister tribe of Eupatorieae is probably Perityleae. This result received moderate statistical support (68% bootstrap percentage) in a study published in 2002.[8]

Genera
Chromolaena odorata - an invasive weed in Africa and Sri Lanka

The following list of 185 genera is modified from Hind and Robinson (2007) by the addition of Eutrochium, Paneroa, and Zyzyura.

The largest genera and the approximate number of species in each are: Mikania (440), Ageratina (290), Stevia (200), Chromolaena (165), Koanophyllon (120), Brickellia (100), and Fleischmannia (95).

Sources:[2]

Classification

In 1987, Robert M. King and Harold E. Robinson wrote a book on Eupatorieae.[10] In this book, they divided the tribe into 18 subtribes. These are Hofmeisteriinae, Oxylobinae, Oaxacaniinae, Mikaniinae, Trichocoroninae, Adenostemmatinae, Fleischmanniinae, Ageratinae, Eupatoriinae, Liatrinae, Praxelinae, Gyptidinae, Disynaphiinae, Ayapaninae, Alomiinae, Critoniinae, Hebecliniinae, and Neomirandeinae.

In 1994, Kare Bremer did a cladistic analysis of Eupatorieae in his book on the family Asteraceae.[11] He recognized only 16 subtribes, subsuming Neomirandeinae into Hebecliniinae.

In 2007, D. J. Nicholas Hind and Harold E. Robinson covered Eupatorieae for The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. They recognized 17 subtribes equivalent to those of King and Robinson (1987) except that Oaxacaniinae was placed in the synonymy of Hofmeisteriinae.

The division of this tribe into subtribes is provisional and likely to change when more data, especially DNA sequence data, becomes available.

No DNA study has yet included a large number of species and sampled widely in Eupatorieae, but 3 studies have investigated Eupatorium and its relatives within the tribe.[12][13][14] These 3 studies are the basis for the phylogeny shown below.

In some of the older works, the genus Eupatorium has been circumscribed to include as many as 1200 species, over a third of the species in the tribe.[15] In more recent works, Eupatorium has been defined to contain about 40–45 species, with the main differences between authors being whether to include Eutrochium and whether certain populations should be considered species, varieties, or hybrids.

As more becomes known about the Eupatorieae, other genera will surely have to be revised as well.

A partial phylogeny of the tribe (focusing on Eupatorium and some of the other North American genera) is:

 

Hofmeisteria Hofmeisteriinae

 
 

Stevia Ageratinae

 
 
 

Mikania Mikaniinae

 
 

Ageratina Oxylobinae

 
 
 
 

Brickellia Alomiinae

 
 
 
 
 

Chromolaena Praxelinae

 
 

Stomatanthes Eupatoriinae

 
 
 
 

Critonia Critoniinae

 
 
 

Fleischmannia Fleischmanniinae

 
 
 

Ageratum Ageratinae

 
 

Conoclinium Gyptidinae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Carphephorus Liatrinae

 
 

Liatris Liatrinae

 
 
 
 

Eutrochium Eupatoriinae

 
 

Eupatorium Eupatoriinae

 
 
 
 
 

From the positions of Stevia and Stomatanthes in the phylogeny, some of the subtribes are probably polyphyletic. Many of the branches in the tree above have only weak statistical support, so this tree can not serve as a basis for re-classification. For convenience, the genera will remain in their current subtribes until a much larger data set enables the production of a more robustly supported phylogeny.

Subtribes

In terms of the number of genera, the largest subtribes are Critoniinae (40), Gyptidinae (29), Ageratinae (26), Alomiinae (23), Ayapaninae (13), and Oxylobinae (9).

  • Gyptidinae, found mostly in eastern Brazil, is known to be polyphyletic. Hind and Robinson divide it into 3 groups based on Gyptis, Agrianthus, and Litothamnus.

Includes: Gyptis, Trichogonia, Campuloclinium, Conoclinium, Agrianthus, Lasiolaena, and Litothamnus.[2]

  • Critoniinae.

Includes: Critonia, Fleischmanniopsis, Ophryosporus, and Neocabreria.[2]

References
  1. H. Robinson; R. M. King (February 1985). "Comments on the Generic Concepts in the Eupatorieae". Taxon. 34 (1): 11–16. doi:10.2307/1221557. JSTOR 1221557.
  2. D.J.N.Hind & H.E.Robinson. 2007. Tribe Eupatorieae In: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol.VIII. (Joachim W.Kadereit & Charles Jeffrey, volume editors. Klaus Kubitzky, general editor). Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg.
  3. "187n. Asteraceae tribe Eupatorieae". Flora of North America (Vol. 21 Page 456, 459). Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  4. Turner,B.L.(1997). Eupatorieae. In: Turner,Billie Lee (editor) The Compositae of Mexico. A systematic account of the family Asteraceae, vol.1. Phytologia Memoirs 11:i-iv,1-272.
  5. "Asteraceae Tribe EUPATORIEAE (draft)". Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  6. Panero,J.L. & Funk,V.A. (2008). "The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: Major clades of the Asteraceae revealed". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 757–782. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.011. PMID 18375151.
  7. Robinson,H.E. 2002. "New supertribes, Helianthodae and Senecionodae, for the subfamily Asteroideae (Asteraceae)". Phytologia 86(3):116-120
  8. Panero,J.L., & Funk,V.A.. 2002. "Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115(4):909-922
  9. Robinson, Harold; Pruski, John (2013). "Zyzyura, a new genus of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) from Belize". PhytoKeys. 20 (20): 1–7. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.20.4033. PMC 3668368. PMID 23730194.
  10. King,R.M., and Robinson,H.E. 1987. The Genera of Eupatorieae Missouri Botanical Garden Monographs in Systematic Botany 22:1-581. Missouri Botanical Garden/Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
  11. Bremer,K. 1994. Asteraceae: Cladistics & Classification. Timber Press. Portland, Oregon, USA.
  12. Schilling,E.E., Panero,J.L., and Cox,P.B. 1999. "Chloroplast DNA restriction site data support a narrow interpretation of Eupatorium". Plant Systematics and Evolution 219:209-223.
  13. Gregory J. Schmidt; Edward E. Schilling (2000). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 87 (5): 716–726. doi:10.2307/2656858. JSTOR 2656858. PMID 10811796.
  14. Ito,M., Watanabe,K., Kita,Y., Kawahara,T., Crawford,D.J., and Yahara,T. 2000. "Phylogeny and Phytogeography of Eupatorium: Insights from sequence data of the nrDNA ITS regions and cpDNA RFLP". Journal of Plant Research 113(1109):79-89.
  15. Alan Whittemore (August 1987). "The Sectional Nomenclature of Eupatorium (Asteraceae)". Taxon. 36 (3): 618–620. doi:10.2307/1221856. JSTOR 1221856.
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