European Squadron

The European Squadron, also known as the European Station, was a part of the United States Navy in the late 19th century and the early 1900s. The squadron was originally named the Mediterranean Squadron and renamed following the American Civil War. In 1905, the squadron was absorbed into the North Atlantic Fleet.[1]

European Squadron
USS Franklin – squadron flagship from 1867 to 1868
Active1865–1905
CountryUnited States
Branch United States Navy
TypeNaval squadron

Second Anglo-Egyptian War
United States Marines and Royal Marines during the occupation of Alexandria in 1882.

The Egyptian Expedition in June and July 1882 was a response by the United States to the British and French attack on Alexandria during the Anglo-Egyptian War. To protect American citizens and their property within the city, ships of the European Squadron, under Rear Admiral James Nicholson, were sent to Egypt with orders to observe the conflict ashore and make a landing if necessary. British and French forces heavily damaged the city and started a large fire so a force of marines and sailors were landed and they assisted in fire fighting and guarding the American consulate from insurgents.[2] Commander French Chadwick served as the American observer with the Royal Navy's Mediterranean Squadron.

Early 20th century

The European Squadron returned to U.S. waters at the start of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, and did not return to Europe until July 1901, when Admiral Bartlett J. Cromwell was placed in command with the cruiser USS Chicago as flagship. Other ships of the squadron from July 1901 included the cruiser USS Albany and the gunboat USS Nashville.[3]

Commanders
Name Picture Rank Assigned
(Orders)		 Assumed
(On Station)		 Relieved
(Orders)		 Relieved
(On Station)		 Flagship(s)
RADM Louis M. Goldsborough February 1865 18 July 1865[4] 1867 14 July 1867[4] Colorado[5]
ADM David G. Farragut ? 14 July 1867[4] ? 10 November 1868[4] Franklin[6]
CDRE Alexander M. Pennock ? 10 November 1868[4] ? 28 February 1869[4] Ticonderoga[7]
RADM William Radford[8] ? 1869[8] ? 1 March 1870[8] Franklin[6]
RADM Oliver S. Glisson[7] ? August 1870[7] ? January 1871[7] Franklin[7]
RADM Charles S. Boggs[7] ? January 1871[7] ? 1 January 1872 Franklin
Plymouth
Brooklyn[7]
RADM James Alden, Jr. ? 1 January 1872[9] ? 2 June 1873[9] Wabash[10]
Brooklyn[7]
RADM Augustus Case ? 1873[11] ? 1875[11] Franklin
Wabash[7]
RADM John L. Worden ? 1875[12] ? 5 October 1877[7] Franklin
Marion
Trenton[7]
RADM William E. Le Roy[7] ? 5 October 1877[7] ? 23 January 1879 Trenton[7]
CAPT John Lee Davis
(pro tem)[7]		 ? 23 January 1879[7] ? February 1879 Trenton[7]
RADM John C. Howell[13] 1878 February 1879[7] ? 16 September 1881 Trenton
Quinnebaug
Wyoming[7]
RADM James W. Nicholson ? 16 September 1881[14] February 1883[14] 10 March 1883 Lancaster[7]
RADM Charles H. Baldwin ? 10 March 1883[15] ? September 1884 Lancaster[7]
RADM Earl English ? September 1884[7] ? May/June 1885 Lancaster[7]
RADM Samuel Rhoads Franklin ? May/June 1885[7] 20 July 1887[16] 24 August 1887[17] Pensacola[7]
RADM James A. Greer ? 1887[18] ? 1889[18] ?
Unknown? ? ? 1889 ? 1893 ?
RADM Henry Erben June 1893[19] ? August 1894[19] ? Chicago[20]
RADM William A. Kirkland[21] April 1894[19] November 1895[19] San Francisco[22]
RADM Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr.[23] November 1895[19] February 1898[19] Minneapolis[24]
RADM John Adams Howell January 1898[19] April 1898[19] ?
The European Squadron returned to U.S. waters at the start of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, and did not return until July 1901.
RADM Bartlett J. Cromwell ? July 1901 9 February 1902[25] 9 February 1902[26] Chicago[27]
CAPT Joseph E. Craig
(Senior Officer Present)[28]		 ? 9 February 1902 ? April 1902 ?
RADM Arent S. Crowninshield March 1902[25] 30 April 1902[29] 3 March 1903[30] 20 March 1903[31] Illinois[32]
CAPT James Henry Dayton
(Senior Officer Present)[31]		 ? 20 March 1903 ? 28 April 1903 ?
RADM Charles S. Cotton ? 28 April 1903[31] ? 16 February 1904 Kearsarge
(June–July 1903)[33]
CAPT Harry Knox
(Senior Officer Present)[34]		 ? 16 February 1904 ? 28 March 1904 Brooklyn
RADM Joseph Coghlan ? ? ? 20 April 1904[34] ?
RADM Theodore Frelinghuysen Jewell ? 20 April 1904[34] ? ? Olympia
In 1905 the European Squadron was absorbed into the North Atlantic Fleet.

References
  1. For a general history of the post Civil War period, see William N. Still, Jr., American Sea Power in the Old World: the United States Navy in European and Near Eastern waters, 1865-1917, (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980).
  2. "USS Nipsic (1879–1913) – Relics and Miscellaneous Views". Naval History & Heritage Command. 2002. Archived from the original on 4 April 2002. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  3. "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36501). London. 8 July 1901. p. 6.
  4. Eicher, John H. & Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. California: Stanford University Press. p. 864. ISBN 9780804736411.
  5. "USS Colorado". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  6. "USS Franklin". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  7. "RG45: Appendix B. List of Volumes of Letters Received by the Secretary of the Navy From Officers Commanding Squadrons". Naval History & Heritage Command. 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  8. "Rear Admiral William Radford, USN (1808–1890)". Destroyer History Foundation. 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  9. "USS Alden". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  10. "USS Wabash". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 30 July 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  11. "USS Case". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  12. "Worden, John L. (1818–1897)". Naval History & Heritage Command. 2006. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  13. "Rear Admiral John C. Howell". Naval History & Heritage Command. 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  14. "USS Nicholson". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  15. "USS Lancaster". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  16. Nott, Charles C.; Hopkins, Archibald (1890). Cases Decided in the Court of Claims of the United States, at the Term of 1893–94. Washington, D.C.: W.H. & O.H. Morrison. pp. 6–7.
  17. United States Catholic Historical Society (1911). Historical Records and Studies. Part I, Volume VI. New York: United States Catholic Historical Society. p. 197.
  18. "USS Greer". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  19. "Flag Assignments 1890–1900". fleetorganization.com. 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  20. "Proceedings". 1941.
  21. "William Alexander Kirkland Papers". Joyner Library – East Carolina University. 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  22. "Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy". 1895.
  23. "USS Selfridge". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  24. "USS Minneapolis". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  25. "Will Succeed Crowninshield". San Francisco Call. San Francisco. 27 October 1901. p. 21. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  26. President, United States (1903). "The Abridgment: Containing Messages of the President of the United States to the Two Houses of Congress with Reports of Departments and Selections from Accompanying Papers".
  27. https://www.usna.edu/Library/sca/man-findingaids/view.php?f=MS_330
  28. "Commanders of the Sixth Fleet". USS Little Rock Association. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  29. "Register of the commissioned and warrant officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps and reserve officers on active duty". archive.org. 1 January 1903. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  30. https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/?a=d&d=RIA19030304.1.1
  31. "Annual Reports of the Navy Department". 1903.
  32. "All Hands". 1960.
  33. "USS Kearsarge – European Cruise, 1903". history.navy.mil. 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  34. "Annual Reports of the Navy Department". 1904.


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