Fereydun Khan Cherkes

Fereydun was kidnapped at a young age, and spent more than seven years in captivity.[1] Finally, he was bought as a gholam by merchants acting on behalf of the Safavid royal court.[1] Afterwards, he was promoted to the position of the keeper of the king's armor (qurchi-e zereh), and by that became part of the expanding number of gholams within the royal household (gholāmān-e ḵhāṣṣeh-ye sharifeh).[1]

In late October 1605, during the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1603-1618, amidst a period of heavy fighting in Azerbaijan against the Ottomans, a Kurdish prisoner from the Mokri tribe attempted to murder king Abbas I.[1] However, Fereydun Khan Cherkes managed to save his life.[1] As a reward for his bravery, Abbas I appointed him in either December 1605 or November 1606 as the governor of the Astarabad province.[1][2] During a part of the Safavid era, including Fereydun Khan Cherkes' tenure, the Astarabad province encompassed most of today's provinces of Golestan, Semnan, and North Khorasan.[1]

Fereydun's main task as a governor was to ensure the safety and protection of the Astarabad province from the various Turkmen nomads of Khwarezm, as well as from those indigenous Turkmens of the northern fringes of the Astarabad province.[1] They were keen on expanding their territory and to carry out raids often — the latter which caused major problems for the rural and urban people who were living close to these border regions of the Safavid realm.[1] As a result, he had to conduct several wars against these nomads on the northern fringes of the province.[1] These successful wars led by Fereydun (as well as a brief coverage of his early life) were described by Moḥammad Ṭāher b. Ḥasan (Ḵādem-e Besṭāmi’) in his short history entitled Fotuḥāt-e Fereyduniyeh.[1] He was succeeded as governor by Behbud Khan Cherkes.[2][lower-alpha 2]

• Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2009). "ḴĀDEM-E BESṬĀMI". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 3. pp. 325–326.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

• Rota, Giorgio (2017). "Safavids Against Turkmen in the Early Seventeenth Century: Warfare Against the Nomads on the Caspian Steppe". Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. 55 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1080/05786967.2016.1277099.