Francisco Flores Pérez

Francisco Guillermo Flores Pérez (October 17, 1959 – January 30, 2016) was a Salvadoran politician who served as President of El Salvador from June 1, 1999 to June 1, 2004 as a member of the conservative Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA). He previously served as a deputy of the Legislative Assembly from 1994 to 1999, having been president of the Assembly from 1997 to 1999.

Francisco Flores Pérez
42nd President of El Salvador
In office
June 1, 1999 – June 1, 2004
Vice PresidentCarlos Quintanilla Schmidt (1999-2004)
Preceded byArmando Calderón Sol
Succeeded byElías Antonio Saca
President of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador
In office
May 1, 1997 – 1998
Preceded byGloria Salguero Gross
Succeeded byJuan Duch Martínez
Personal details
Born(1959-10-17)October 17, 1959
Santa Ana, El Salvador
DiedJanuary 30, 2016(2016-01-30) (aged 56)
San Salvador, El Salvador
Political partyNationalist Republican Alliance
Spouse(s)Lourdes Rodríguez de Flores
ChildrenJuan Marcos
Gabriela

Flores was born in Santa Ana. He entered politics in the Alfredo Cristiani administration, serving various positions until his election to the Legislative Assembly, which he became the president of after three years.[1] He successfully ran for President in 1999. His administration was characterized by close alignment with the United States, including the adoption of the U.S. dollar. After the end of his presidency, he unsuccessfully ran for Secretary General of the Organization of American States.

Flores was accused in May 2014 of pocketing US$15 million donated by Taiwan, intended for survivors of the January 2001 and February 2001 El Salvador earthquakes, which occurred during his presidency.[2] He was the first former Salvadoran president to be indicted and tried on corruption charges. He was placed under house arrest during the latter days of his life, but died before he could stand trial.[3][4]

Background

Flores was born on October 17, 1959, in the city of Santa Ana, the capital of Santa Ana Department. He was one of three children of Maria Leonor Pérez de Flores, an ethnographer and folklorist, and Ulises Flores, an economist. Flores graduated from the Escuela Americana El Salvador. He earned an associate degree in sociology from the University of Hartford's Hillyer College, then, majored in political science at Amherst College in Massachusetts, United States, and received a master's degree in philosophy at World University, California. He also studied law, philosophy and economic development at Harvard University and history and literature at Trinity College, Oxford. He entered politics shortly before the assassination of his father-in-law, who was chief of staff to Alfredo Cristiani.[5]

Political career

Flores started his political career as a vice-minister for planning during Alfredo Cristiani's presidency in 1989. Later he served as a vice-minister of the Presidency,[6] with functions as adviser of the head of state, and directed the plan of governmental action in accordance with the peace accords of January 1992 that ended fighting with the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) guerilla group.

In the elections of March 20, 1994, Flores was elected to the Legislative Assembly and the new president, Armando Calderón, made him Secretary of Information of the Presidency.[6]

In 1997, Flores was elected as the President of the Legislative Assembly.[1] The Law of Telecommunications was signed during his presidency of the Legislative Assembly, in which the former government-owned telecommunication company ANTEL was split and sold to two private enterprises. This was supported with approval from ARENA, PCN and PDC, imitating the neoliberal system that supported the administration of governmental agencies by the private enterprise, to improve telecommunication network coverage.

On March 29, 1998, ARENA announced Flores as their candidate for the presidential election of the following year. He was considered a moderate within the party. At the age of 37 (the youngest chief executive on the continent at that time), Flores became the third consecutive president from ARENA by winning an outright majority in the elections in March 1999, and took office on June 1, 1999. He served his five-year term and was succeeded by another member of his political party, Elías Antonio Saca, in July 2004.

Presidency (1999-2004)

Flores's government was characterized by its close alignment with United States policies. El Salvador was one of the steadiest allies of the U.S. government in the region. Three undertakings during his term best exemplify Flores's commitment to close US-Salvadoran relations: First, Flores authorized the deployment of Salvadoran troops to Iraq in support of U.S. forces. Second, during his term a successful free-trade agreement was negotiated between the United States and the Central American region, with the late addition of the Dominican Republic to the roster of participating nations; this agreement was ratified recently by most of the region's countries as well as the U.S. Congress. Finally, Flores was the architect of the Salvadoran economy's migration from its historical currency, the colón, to the U.S. dollar.

Dollarization was an extremely controversial measure, both lauded and panned by local and foreign opinion. From the standpoint of the country's business establishment, dollarization brought about great benefits, such as reduced interest rates (which came about by eliminating currency-exchange risk among other factors), easier trade with other commercial partners and an easier integration onto the global market.

Criticism

Flores's tenure was not without its critics. His actions to further align El Salvador with the United States were widely criticized by his political opponents. In the same manner, he was faulted for an autocratic style of governance, which allowed for very little compromise or consultation with the opposition. The lack of flexibility exemplified by his government resulted in a number of crippling strikes, most notably one led by the medical professionals in an attempt to forestall threatened privatization of the country's public health facilities.

Critics of Flores's dollarization efforts accused him of doing so without popular consensus, except exclusively with bankers. Even though the replacement of Colones with dollars proved to reduce interest rates, it also caused huge long-term inflation as prices were rounded upwards.

Flores also had to deal with reconstruction efforts after two powerful earthquakes struck the country on January 13, 2001. Delivery of international aid was inefficient and was criticized by reporters, especially Mauricio Funes (who later became President of El Salvador) from the local channel TV12, an affiliate of the Mexican company TV Azteca.

Some of Flores's opponents also contended that escalating violence and increasing poverty occurred during his term, but statistics from the World Bank show that poverty did, in fact, decrease during the Flores administration.

Another occurrence was the Summit of the Americas where Flores called Fidel Castro a "dictator" and accused him of being responsible for thousands of deaths which have occurred in El Salvador.

Candidacy for the Organization of American States
Flores in May 2012

Even before he left office, Flores had expressed his interest in running for the office of Secretary General of the Organization of American States, a post which was won in late 2004 by Miguel Ángel Rodríguez an ex-president from Costa Rica. Later, Rodríguez had to resign from this post when he was indicted in his country for alleged acts of corruption during his tenure as president, a situation which called for an extraordinary election for his successor. Flores once again expressed his intentions of seeking the post, but after much campaigning, had to withdraw due to lack of support from other member states (even though he counted the United States as his chief backer). This situation could be explained because some of his policies were seen as being to closely aligned to US interests at a time when most Latin American governments were highly critical of the positions adopted by the United States. He was the first US-backed candidate not elected to this post since the establishment of the organization.

Corruption charges

At the time of his death, Flores was, along with several other key actors in the deal, being investigated by the Salvadoran Attorney General on corruption and disobedience charges. These recommendations now face scrutiny and debate in the Legislative Assembly. Attorney General Luis Martínez was to have taken up the case the case against the late former President despite his own prior history of having worked in the previous ARENA administration of Tony Saca and having been Flores's partner in several businesses.[7]

Judge Marta Rosales asked Interpol for help in arresting Flores. He had been charged with stealing $15 million that was donated in 2003 by Taiwan's government during his presidency.[8]

A further charge of disobedience accused Flores of failing to show up for a meeting with a congressional commission investigating what happened to the money Taiwan donated. On September 6, 2014, it was announced that Flores had voluntarily surrendered to the local authorities after months in hiding.[9] He had been living under house arrest in El Salvador since November 2014.[10] On December 3, 2015, Judge Miguel Angel Garcia ordered Flores to stand trial.[10]

Death

In early January 2016, Flores suffered a cerebral hemorrhage.[4] On January 30, 2016 Flores died in a private hospital in San Salvador while in a coma after undergoing emergency surgery and suffering irreversible neurological damage.[4] He had just turned 56 prior to his cerebral hemorrhage diagnosis.

Personal life

Flores met his wife, Lourdes Rodríguez de Flores, in high school in San Salvador. They had two children, Juan Marcos and Gabriela.[2]

Honours

Foreign honours

References
  1. "Francisco Flores | president of El Salvador". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
  2. Roberts, Sam (February 2, 2016). "Francisco Flores, Tainted Ex-President of El Salvador, Dies at 56". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  3. Aleman, Marcus (February 1, 2016). "Francisco Flores: President of El Salvador whose time in office was marred by accusations of corruption and elitism". The Independent. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  4. "Former president of El Salvador Francisco Flores dead at 56". USA Today. January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  5. Navarro, Mireya (1999-03-09). "Man in the News: Francisco Guillermo Flores Perez; New Salvadoran Puzzle". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
  6. "A los 56 años, murió el ex presidente de El Salvador Francisco Flores". Infobae (in Spanish). 31 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  7. "Salvadoran ex-leader Flores in Taiwan payment inquiry". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
  8. El Salvador judge orders former president's arrest AP. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  9. "El Salvador ex-President Francisco Flores turns himself in". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
  10. "Judge orders Salvador ex-president to trial for corruption". AP. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
  11. "N° 7506 du VENDREDI 3 AÔUT 2001 * Ordonnance Souveraine n° 14.956 du 20 juillet 2001 portant élévation". Legimonaco.mc. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
Political offices
Preceded by
Armando Calderón		 President of El Salvador
June 1, 1999–June 1, 2004		 Succeeded by
Antonio Saca
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