Frankenstein (1931 film)

Frankenstein is a 1931 American pre-Code science fiction horror film directed by James Whale, produced by Carl Laemmle Jr., and adapted from a 1927 play by Peggy Webling, which in turn was based on Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. The Webling play was adapted by John L. Balderston and the screenplay written by Francis Edward Faragoh and Garrett Fort, with uncredited contributions from Robert Florey and John Russell.

Frankenstein
Theatrical release poster by Karoly Grosz[1]
Directed byJames Whale
Produced byCarl Laemmle Jr.
Screenplay by
Story byRichard Schayer (scenario editor)
Based on
Starring
Music byBernhard Kaun
CinematographyArthur Edeson
Edited by
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
  • November 21, 1931 (1931-11-21)
Running time
71 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$262,007[2]
Box office$12 million[3]

Frankenstein stars Colin Clive as Henry Frankenstein, an obsessed scientist who digs up corpses with his assistant in order to assemble a living being from body parts. The resulting creature, often known as Frankenstein's monster, is portrayed by Boris Karloff. The make-up for the monster was provided by Jack Pierce. Alongside Clive and Karloff, the film's cast also includes Mae Clarke, John Boles, Dwight Frye, and Edward Van Sloan.

Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures, the film was a commercial success upon release, and was generally well received by both critics and audiences. It spawned a number of sequels and spin-offs, and has had a significant impact on popular culture, with the imagery of a scientist's hunchbacked assistant—as well as the film's depiction of Frankenstein's monster—becoming iconic. In 1991, the United States Library of Congress selected Frankenstein for preservation in the National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[4][5]

Plot

Frankenstein begins with Edward Van Sloan stepping from behind a curtain to break the fourth wall and deliver a brief caution to the audience:

How do you do? Mr. Carl Laemmle feels it would be a little unkind to present this picture without just a word of friendly warning: We are about to unfold the story of Frankenstein, a man of science who sought to create a man after his own image without reckoning upon God. It is one of the strangest tales ever told. It deals with the two great mysteries of creation; life and death. I think it will thrill you. It may shock you. It might even horrify you. So, if any of you feel that you do not care to subject your nerves to such a strain, now's your chance to uh, well,––we warned you.

In a village of the Bavarian Alps, a young scientist named Henry Frankenstein and his assistant Fritz, a hunchback, piece together a human body. Some of the parts are stolen from freshly buried bodies in a cemetery, and some come from the bodies of recently hanged criminals. In a laboratory he's built inside an abandoned watchtower, Frankenstein desires to create a human, giving this body life through electrical devices he has perfected. But he still needs a brain for his creation. At a nearby school, Henry's former teacher Dr. Waldman still teaches, showing his class the brain of an average human being and the corrupted brain of a criminal so that they can compare the two. Frankenstein sends Fritz to steal the healthy brain from Waldman's class during the night. But Fritz accidentally drops and damages it, and so brings Frankenstein the corrupt brain instead.

Henry's fiancée Elizabeth speaks with their friend Victor Moritz about the scientist's increasingly peculiar actions and how he secludes himself. Elizabeth and Victor ask Dr. Waldman for help in understanding Henry's new behavior and Waldman reveals he is aware Dr. Frankenstein wishes to create life. Concerned for Henry, they arrive at the lab just as the scientist makes his final preparations, the still lifeless body now ready on an operating table. As a storm rages outside, Henry Frankenstein claims he has now discovered the energy that brought life into the world and invites Elizabeth and the others to watch his great experiment. With a pulley system, Frankenstein and Fritz raise the operating table high in the room, moving it toward an opening at the top of the tower. The creature and Frankenstein's equipment are exposed to the lightning storm and empowered. The hand of Frankenstein's creature begins to move. The scientist triumphantly shouts, 'It's alive!'

Frankenstein's Monster, despite its grotesque form, seems to be an innocent, childlike creation. Dr. Frankenstein welcomes it into his laboratory and asks his creation to sit, which it does. He then opens up the roof, causing the Monster to reach out towards the sunlight. Fritz enters with a flaming torch, which frightens the Monster. Its fright is mistaken by Frankenstein and Waldman as an attempt to attack them, and it is chained in the dungeon. Thinking that it is not fit for society and will wreak havoc at any chance, they leave the Monster locked up, where Fritz antagonizes it with a torch. As Henry and Waldman consider the Monster's fate, they hear a shriek from the dungeon. Frankenstein and Waldman run down and find that the Monster has strangled Fritz. The Monster lunges at the two but they escape, locking the Monster inside. Realizing that the Monster must be destroyed, Henry prepares an injection of a powerful drug and the two conspire to release the Monster and inject it as it attacks. When the door is unlocked the Monster lunges at Frankenstein as Waldman injects the drug into the Monster's back. The Monster falls to the floor unconscious.

Henry collapses from exhaustion, and Elizabeth and Henry's father arrive and take him home. Henry is worried about the Monster but Waldman reassures him that he will destroy it. Later, Henry is at home, recovered and preparing for his wedding while Waldman examines the Monster. As he is preparing to vivisect it, the Monster awakens and strangles him. It escapes from the tower and wanders through the landscape. It has a short encounter with a farmer's young daughter, Maria. She is not afraid of him and asks him to play a game with her in which they toss flowers into a lake and watch them float. The Monster enjoys the game, but when they run out of flowers he thinks Maria will float as well, so he throws her into the lake where, to his puzzlement, she disappears beneath the surface. Upset by this outcome, the Monster runs away.

With preparations for the wedding completed, Henry is serenely happy with Elizabeth. They are to marry as soon as Waldman arrives. However, Victor rushes in, saying that Doctor Waldman has been found strangled. Henry suspects the Monster. Meanwhile, the Monster enters Elizabeth's room, causing her to scream. When the searchers arrive, they find Elizabeth unconscious on the bed. The Monster has escaped.

Maria's father arrives, carrying his drowned daughter's body. He says she was murdered, and the villagers form a search party to capture the Monster and bring it to justice, dead or alive. In order to search the whole country for the Monster, they split into three groups: Ludwig leads the first group into the woods, Henry leads the second group into the mountains, and the Burgomaster leads the third group by the lake. During the search, Henry becomes separated from the group and is discovered by the Monster, who attacks him. The Monster knocks Henry unconscious and carries him off to an old mill. The peasants hear his cries and they regroup to follow. They find the Monster has climbed to the top, dragging Henry with him. The Monster hurls the scientist to the ground. His fall is broken by the vanes of the windmill, saving his life. Some of the villagers hurry him to his home while the rest of the mob set the windmill ablaze, with the Monster trapped inside.

At Castle Frankenstein, Frankenstein's father, Baron Frankenstein, celebrates the wedding of his recovered son with a toast to a future grandchild.

Cast
Frankenstein movie theater lobby card

Production

In 1930, Universal Studios had lost $2.2 million in revenues. Within 48 hours of its opening at New York's Roxy Theatre on February 12, 1931, Dracula starring Bela Lugosi had sold 50,000 tickets, building a momentum that culminated in a $700,000 profit, the largest of Universal's 1931 releases. As a result, the head of production, Carl Laemmle Jr., announced immediate plans for more horror films.[6]

Immediately following his success in Dracula, Lugosi had hoped to play Henry Frankenstein in Universal's original film concept. However, the actor was expected by producer Carl Laemmle Jr. to play the Monster[7] (a common move for a contract player in a film studio at the time) to keep his famous name on the bill.[8] After several disastrous make-up tests (said to resemble that of Paul Wegener in The Golem), the Dracula star left the project.

Although this is often regarded as one of the worst decisions of Lugosi's career, in actuality, the part that Lugosi was offered was not the same character that Karloff eventually played. The initial director was Robert Florey, who had re-characterized the Monster as a simple killing machine, without a touch of human interest or pathos, unlike in the original Shelley novel. This reportedly causing Lugosi to complain, "I was a star in my country[9] and I will not be a scarecrow over here!"[10] Florey later wrote that "the Hungarian actor didn't show himself very enthusiastic for the role and didn't want to play it." However, the decision may not have been Lugosi's in any case, since recent evidence suggests that he was kicked off the project, along with director Robert Florey, when the newly arrived James Whale asked for the property.

Whale had been imported from England by the Laemmles and given a free hand as to his choice of projects at Universal. He was immediately attracted to Frankenstein and greatly revised the script and conceptualization of the project, which had troubled the management, back toward a monster with some humanity within, in keeping with Shelley's original story.

The 1931 "Lugosi as Frankenstein's Monster" promo poster, without the now famous flat head makeup

Actors who worked on the project either were, or shortly became familiar to the fans of the Universal horror films. These included Frederick Kerr as the old Baron Frankenstein, Henry's father; Lionel Belmore as Herr Vogel, the Bürgermeister; Marilyn Harris as Little Maria, the girl the Monster accidentally kills; Dwight Frye as Frankenstein's hunchbacked assistant, Fritz; and Michael Mark as Ludwig, Maria's father. Kerr died a year and a half later.

Kenneth Strickfaden designed the electrical effects that were used in the "creation scene". They were so successful that such effects came to be considered an essential part of every subsequent Universal film involving Frankenstein's Monster. Accordingly, the equipment used to produce them has come to be referred to in fan circles as "Strickfadens". It appears that Strickfaden managed to secure the use of at least one Tesla Coil built by the inventor Nikola Tesla himself.[11]

According to this same source, Strickfaden also doubled for Karloff during the creation scene, as Karloff was afraid of being burned by sparks being thrown off the arcing electrical equipment simulating lightning. Although he was partially covered by a surgical drape, Karloff's abdomen was otherwise exposed during the scene and the high-voltage arc "scissors" threw white-hot bits of metal when they were used to create flashes.

The film opened in New York City at the Mayfair Theatre on December 4, 1931, and grossed $53,000 in one week.[10]

Florey and Lugosi were given the Murders in the Rue Morgue film, as a consolation. Lugosi would later go on to play Frankenstein's Monster in Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man a decade later, when his career was in decline (in the original shooting script the Monster spoke, cancelling Lugosi's initial objection to the part, but his filmed dialogue sequences were cut prior to release, along with the premise that the Monster was blind, which was the way Lugosi had played it).[12]

Other than during the opening credits, a short section where a village band plays on screen, and the final credits, there is no musical soundtrack to the film.

Pre-Code era scenes and censorship history

The scene in which the Monster throws the little girl, Maria, into the lake and accidentally drowns her has long been controversial. Upon its original 1931 release, the second part of this scene was cut by state censorship boards in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York.[10] Those states also objected to a line they considered blasphemous that occurred during Frankenstein's exuberance when he first learns that his creature is alive. The original relevant passage was:

VICTOR: "Henry, in the name of God!"
HENRY: "In the name of God? Now I know what it feels like to BE God!"[10]

Kansas requested the cutting of 32 scenes, which, if they had been removed, would have cut a literal half of the film.[13] Jason Joy of the Studio Relations Committee sent censor representative Joseph Breen to urge them to reconsider. Eventually, an edited version was released in Kansas.[10]

As with many Pre-Code films that were reissued after strict enforcement of the Production Code in 1934, Universal made cuts from the original camera negative,[14] and thus the cut footage are often lost. However, the footage of the girl Maria being thrown into the lake was rediscovered during the 1980s in the collection of the British National Film Archive, and it has been reincorporated into modern copies of the film.[15]

In Ireland, the film was banned on February 5, 1932, for being demoralizing and unsuitable for children or 'nervous people' – age-restricted certificates weren't introduced in the country until 1965. The decision was overturned by the Appeal Board on March 8, and the film was passed uncut on March 9.[16]

Reception
Theatrical teaser poster by Karoly Grosz: "Warning! The Monster Is Loose!"[17]

The New York Times film critic Mordaunt Hall gave Frankenstein a very positive review. He said that the film "aroused so much excitement at the Mayfair yesterday that many in the audience laughed to cover their true feelings." "[T]here is no denying that it is far and away the most effective thing of its kind. Beside it Dracula is tame and, incidentally, Dracula was produced by the same firm."[18]

Film Daily also lauded the picture, calling it a "gruesome, chill-producing and exciting drama" that was "produced intelligently and lavishly and with a grade of photography that is superb."[19]

Variety reported that it "Looks like a Dracula plus, touching a new peak in horror plays", and described Karloff's performance as "a fascinating acting bit of mesmerism." Its review also singled out the look of the film as uniquely praiseworthy, calling the photography "splendid" and the lighting "the last word in ingenuity, since much of the footage calls for dim or night effect and the manipulation of shadows to intensify the ghostly atmosphere."[20]

John Mosher of The New Yorker was less enthused, calling the film only a "moderate success" and writing that "The makeup department has a triumph to its credit in the monster and there lie the thrills of the picture, but the general fantasy lacks the vitality which that little Mrs. P.B. Shelley was able to give her book."[21]

The movie was banned in China under a category of "superstitious films" due to its "strangeness" and unscientific elements.[22]

Frankenstein has continued to receive acclaim from critics and is widely regarded as one of the best films of 1931,[23][24][25][26] as well as one of the greatest movies of all time.[27][28] It holds a 100% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.67/10. The site's consensus reads: "Still unnerving to this day, Frankenstein adroitly explores the fine line between genius and madness, and features Boris Karloff's legendary, frightening performance as the monster".[29] In 1991, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".[30][31] In 2004, The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list.[32]

Frankenstein also received recognition from the American Film Institute. It was named the 87th greatest movie of all time on 100 Years... 100 Movies.[27] The line "It's alive! It's alive!" was ranked as the 49th greatest movie quote in American cinema.[33] The film was on the ballot for several of AFI's 100 series lists, including AFI's 10 Top 10 for the sci-fi category,[34] 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition),[35] and twice on 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains for both Henry Frankenstein and the Monster in the villains category.[36]

The film was ranked number 56 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills, a list of America's most heart-pounding movies.[37] It was also ranked number 27 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments.[38] Additionally, the Chicago Film Critics Association named it the 14th scariest film ever made.[39]

Box office

The film was a commercial success. In June 1932, the film had earned reported rentals of $1.4 million. In 1943, Universal reported it had earned a profit of $708,871. By 1953, all the Frankenstein re-releases earned an estimated profit of $12 million.[40]

Home media

In 1986, MCA Home Video released Frankenstein on LaserDisc. This release restored all the cut footage, as well as most of Frankenstein's "In the name of God!" line.[41][42] In the 1990s, MCA/Universal Home Video released the film on VHS as part of the "Universal Monsters Classic Collection", a series of releases of Universal Classic Monsters films.[43]

In 1999, Universal released Frankenstein on VHS and DVD as part of the "Classic Monster Collection".[44][45][46] In April 2004, Universal released Frankenstein: The Legacy Collection on DVD as part of the "Universal Legacy Collection".[47][48] This two-disc release includes Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Son of Frankenstein, The Ghost of Frankenstein, and The House of Frankenstein.[47][48] In September 2006, Universal released Frankenstein on DVD as a two-disc "75th Anniversary Edition", as part of the "Universal Legacy Series".[49][50]

In 2012, Frankenstein was released on Blu-ray as part of the Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection box set, which also includes a total of nine films from the Universal Classic Monsters series.[51][52] In September 2013, Frankenstein received a standalone Blu-ray release.[53] That same year, Frankenstein was included as part of the six-film Blu-ray set Universal Classic Monsters Collection, which also includes Dracula, The Mummy, The Invisible Man, Bride of Frankenstein, and The Wolf Man.[54] The next year, Universal released Frankenstein: Complete Legacy Collection on DVD.[55] This set contains eight films: Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Son of Frankenstein, Ghost of Frankenstein, Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man, The House of Frankenstein, House of Dracula, and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein.[55] In 2015, the six-film Universal Classic Monsters Collection was released on DVD.[56] In 2016, Frankenstein received a Walmart-exclusive Blu-ray release featuring a glow-in-the-dark cover.[57] That same year, the Complete Legacy Collection was released on Blu-ray.[58][59] In September 2017, the film received a Best Buy-exclusive steelbook Blu-ray release with cover artwork by Alex Ross.[60]

On August 28, 2018, Frankenstein and its sequels were included in the Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection Blu-ray box set.[61][62] This box set also received a DVD release.[63] In October 2018, Frankenstein was included as part of a limited edition Best Buy-exclusive Blu-ray set titled Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection, which features artwork by Alex Ross.[64]

Sequels
Colored publicity shots from sequels Bride of Frankenstein (1935) and Son of Frankenstein (1939)

Frankenstein was followed by a string of sequels, beginning with Bride of Frankenstein (1935), in which Elsa Lanchester plays the Monster's bride.

The next sequel, Son of Frankenstein (1939), was made, like all those that followed, without Whale or Clive (the latter of whom had died in 1937). This film featured Karloff's last full film performance as the Monster. Son of Frankenstein featured Basil Rathbone as Baron Wolf von Frankenstein, Bela Lugosi as bearded hunchback Ygor, and Lionel Atwill as Inspector Krogh.

The Ghost of Frankenstein was released in 1942. The movie features Lon Chaney Jr. as the Monster, taking over from Boris Karloff, who played the role in the first three films of the series, and Bela Lugosi in his second appearance as the demented Ygor.

The fifth installment, Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man was released in 1943, directed by Roy William Neill, and starring Bela Lugosi as Frankenstein's Monster. This is also the sequel to The Wolf Man, with Lon Chaney Jr. returning as the Wolf Man.

In the follow-up, House of Frankenstein (1944), Karloff returned to the series, but not to reprise his role as the Monster, but as the Mad Doctor, the Monster was this time portrayed by Glenn Strange. Chaney returned as the Wolf Man. Dracula was also featured in the film, played by John Carradine.

Its sequel, House of Dracula (1945), featured the same three monsters, Dracula, Frankenstein's Monster and the Wolf Man with the same cast in their portrayal.

Many of the subsequent films which featured Frankenstein's Monster demote the creature to a robotic henchman in someone else's plots, such as in its final Universal film appearance in the deliberately farcical Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).

Though it is unrelated to the Universal series, the later Frankenstein 1970 has the scientist Frankenstein, here played by Karloff, animate the Monster using a nuclear reactor.

Other adaptations

Frankenstein's assistant

Although Frankenstein's hunchbacked assistant is often referred to as "Igor" in descriptions of the films, he is not so called in the earliest films. In both Frankenstein and Bride of Frankenstein, Frankenstein has an assistant who is played both times by Dwight Frye who is crippled. In the original 1931 film the character is named "Fritz" who is hunchbacked and walks with the aid of a small cane. Fritz did not originate from the Frankenstein novel, and instead originated from the earliest recorded play adaptation, Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein, where he was played by Robert Keeley.[65][66]

In Bride of Frankenstein, Frye plays "Karl" a murderer who stands upright but has a lumbering metal brace on both legs that can be heard clicking loudly with every step. Both characters would be killed by Karloff's monster in their respective films. It was not until Son of Frankenstein (1939) that a character called "Ygor" first appears (here played by Bela Lugosi and revived by Lugosi in The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942) after his apparent murder in the earlier film). This character – a deranged blacksmith whose neck was broken and twisted due to a botched hanging – befriends the monster and later helps Dr. Wolf Frankenstein, leading to the "hunchbacked assistant" called "Igor" commonly associated with Frankenstein in popular culture. Frye also appears in later films in the series, such as in Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943).

Cancelled remake

Guillermo del Toro had expressed interest in directing the reboot film for Universal.[67] Del Toro said his Frankenstein would be a faithful "Miltonian tragedy", citing Frank Darabont's "near perfect" script, which evolved into Kenneth Branagh's Frankenstein.[68] Del Toro said of his vision, "What I'm trying to do is take the myth and do something with it, but combining elements of Frankenstein and Bride of Frankenstein without making it just a classical myth of the monster. The best moments in my mind of Frankenstein, of the novel, are yet to be filmed [...] The only guy that has ever nailed for me the emptiness, not the tragic, not the Miltonian dimension of the monster, but the emptiness is Christopher Lee in the Hammer films, where he really looks like something obscenely alive. Boris Karloff has the tragedy element nailed down but there are so many versions, including that great screenplay by Frank Darabont that was ultimately not really filmed."[69] He has also cited Bernie Wrightson's illustrations as inspiration, and said the film will not focus on the monster's creation, but be an adventure film featuring the character.[70] Del Toro said he would like Wrightson to design his version of the creature. The film will also focus on the religious aspects of Shelley's tale.[71] In June 2009, del Toro stated that production on Frankenstein was not likely to begin for at least four years.[72] Despite this, he has already cast frequent collaborator Doug Jones in the role of Frankenstein's monster. In an interview with Sci Fi Wire, Jones stated that he learned of the news the same day as everybody else; that "Guillermo did say to the press that he's already cast me as his monster, but we've yet to talk about it. But in his mind, if that's what he's decided, then it's done ... It would be a dream come true."[73] The film will be a period piece.[74]

Reboot
Main article: Universal Monsters § Dark Universe

Universal Pictures is developing a shared universe of rebooted modern-day versions of their classic Universal Monsters, with various films in different stages of development. In June 2017, producer/director Alex Kurtzman revealed that Frankenstein is one of the films that will have an installment in the Dark Universe.[75] Javier Bardem was cast to portray the titular character.[76] By November 2019, James Wan was announced to serve as producer on a reboot of the Frankenstein film series.[77] Jason Blum expressed interest in joining the production in a producing role.[78] In March 2020, it was announced that Robbie Thompson was hired to serve as screenwriter, with the plot revolving around a group of teenagers who discover that a neighbor is creating a monster in their basement. The project will be a joint production between Universal Pictures and Atomic Monster Productions.[79]

See also

Notes
  1. Nourmand & Marsh. pg. 134
  2. Michael Brunas, John Brunas & Tom Weaver, Universal Horrors: The Studios Classic Films, 1931–46, McFarland, 1990 p24
  3. Box Office Information for Frankenstein. The Numbers. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
  4. Kehr, Dave. "U.S. Film Registry Adds 25 'Significant' Movies". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  5. "Complete National Film Registry Listing: National Film Preservation Board". Retrieved June 16, 2020 – via The Library of Congress.
  6. Vieira, Mark A. (2003). Hollywood Horror: From Gothic to Cosmic. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. p. 35. ISBN 0-8109-4535-5.
  7. Gregory, Wiliam M. 1981. It's Alive! The Classic Cinema Saga of Frankenstein. San Diego: A. S. Barnes.
  8. ""Frankenstein" Cast Chosen". The New York Times. August 30, 1931. The Universal production of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" is taking shape under the knowing guidance of James Whale. Boris Karloff and not Bela Lugosi is the final choice to play the Monster.
  9. Bela Lugosi was born outside the western border of Transylvania in Austria–Hungary (now Lugoj, Romania)
  10. Vieira. pgs. 42–3
  11. Golman, Harry (November 11, 2005). Kenneth Strickfaden, Dr. Frankenstein's Electrician. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2064-2.
  12. MagicImage Filmbooks Series: Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man,
  13. Doherty. pg. 297
  14. Vieira. pg. 48
  15. Robert Horton Frankenstein, New York & Chichester: Wallflower Press & Columbia University Press, 2014, p.24
  16. "Irish Film Censors' Records – Trinity College Dublin". www.tcd.ie.
  17. Nourmand & Marsh. pg. 133
  18. Review by Mordaunt Hall, The New York Times
  19. "Frankenstein". Film Daily. New York: Wid's Films and Film Folk, Inc.: 10 December 6, 1931.
  20. Greason, Alfred Rushford (December 8, 1931). "Frankenstein". Variety. New York: Variety, Inc. p. 14.
  21. Mosher, John (December 12, 1931). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. New York: P-B Publishing Corporation. p. 81.
  22. Yingjin, Zhang (1999). Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922–1943. Stanford University Press. p. 190. ISBN 9780804735728. OCLC 40230511.
  23. "The Greatest Films of 1931". AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  24. "The Best Movies of 1931 by Rank". Films101.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  25. "The Best Films of 1931". listal.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  26. "Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1931". IMDb.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  27. "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies" (PDF). AFI.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  28. "5-Star Movies by Rank". Films101.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  29. "Frankenstein Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  30. "Films Selected to the National Film Registry, Library of Congress 1989 to 2009". LOC.gov. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  31. "Frankenstein: Award Wins and Nominations". IMDb.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  32. "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. April 29, 2003. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  33. "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes" (PDF). AFI.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  34. "AFI's 10 Top 10 Official Ballot" (PDF). AFI.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  35. "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) Official Ballot" (PDF). AFI.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  36. "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains: The 400 Nominated Characters" (PDF). AFI.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  37. "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills" (PDF). AFI.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  38. "Bravo's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  39. "Chicago Critics' Scariest Films". AltFilmGuide.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
  40. Stephen Jacobs, Boris Karloff: More Than a Monster, Tomahawk Press 2011 p 107
  41. Riley, Philip J., ed. (1989). MagicImage Filmbooks Presents Frankenstein. MagicImage Filmbooks. p. 42. ISBN 978-1882127054.
  42. "Frankenstein (1931)". LaserDisc Database. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  43. "Frankenstein (Universal Monsters Classic Collection) [VHS]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  44. "Frankenstein (Classic Monster Collection) [VHS]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  45. "Frankenstein (Universal Studios Classic Monster Collection) [DVD]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  46. Arrington, Chuck (May 4, 2000). "Frankenstein". DVD Talk. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  47. "Frankenstein: The Legacy Collection (Frankenstein / The Bride of Frankenstein / Son of Frankenstein / The Ghost of Frankenstein / House of Frankenstein) [DVD]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  48. Jane, Ian (April 22, 2004). "Frankenstein – The Legacy Collection (Frankenstein / Bride of / Son of / Ghost of / House of)". DVD Talk. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  49. "Frankenstein (75th Anniversary Edition) [DVD]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  50. Erickson, Glenn (September 23, 2006). "Frankenstein: 75th Anniversary Edition". DVD Talk. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  51. "Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection [Blu-ray]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  52. "Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  53. "Frankenstein Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  54. "Universal Classic Monsters Collection Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  55. "Frankenstein: Complete Legacy Collection [DVD]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  56. "Universal Classic Monsters Collection". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  57. Squires, John (September 13, 2016). "Walmart Releases Universal Monsters Classics With Glow-In-Dark Covers!". iHorror.com. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  58. "Frankenstein: Complete Legacy Collection [Blu-ray]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  59. "Frankenstein: Complete Legacy Collection Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  60. Squires, John (June 27, 2017). "Best Buy Getting Universal Monsters Steelbooks With Stunning Alex Ross Art". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  61. "Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection [Blu-ray]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  62. "Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
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