French seaplane carrier Foudre

The Foudre was a French seaplane carrier, the first in history.[1][2] Her development followed the invention of the seaplane in 1910 with the French Le Canard.

For other ships with the same name, see French ship Foudre.
Foudre, first seaplane carrier in history, with hangar and cranes.
History
France
Name: Foudre
Namesake: "Lightning"
Builder: Chantiers de la Gironde, France
Laid down: 9 June 1892
Launched: 20 Oct 1895
Completed: 1896 (as a torpedo boat depot ship)
Decommissioned: 1 Dec 1921
Fate: Scrapped
General characteristics
Type: Torpedo boat tender / Seaplane carrier
Tonnage: 6,100 tonnes (6,004 long tons)
Length: 118.8 m (389 ft 9 in)
Beam: 15.5 m (50 ft 10 in)
Draught: 7 m (23 ft 0 in)
Installed power: 12,000 shp (8,948 kW)
Propulsion: Triple expansion engines, 24 boilers, 2 shafts
Speed: 19 knots (35 km/h)
Boats & landing
craft carried:		 8 torpedo boats
Complement: 430
Armament:
Armour: Deck : 120 mm (4.7 in)
Aircraft carried: 4 seaplanes after conversion

Torpedo boat tender
Foudre as a torpedo boat tender.
Foudre tending torpedo boats.

The Foudre was first commissioned in 1896 as a torpedo boat tender (Croiseur porte-torpilleurs), with the role of helping bring torpedo boats to the high seas, and launch them for attack.

She was then modified as repair ship in 1907, as a minelayer in 1910, as a seaplane carrier in 1911 (depot, transport, and launch by crane), and seaplane carrier with a flying-off deck in 1913. She was initially converted to carry torpedo-carrying planes in hangars on the main deck. They were lowered on the sea with a crane.[3]

First seaplane carrier

In April 1910, Vice-Admiral Auguste Boué de Lapeyrère, Navy Minister, established a committee to study the usage of balloons and planes by the navy.

Seaplane tender

On November 29, 1911, a navy airbase was established at Fréjus Saint-Raphaël, and the torpedo boat tender Foudre was sent to the naval yard in Toulon to be converted as a seaplane tender. The ship was fitted out in a totally new way. A deck was installed at the bow for the seaplane to take off. The seaplane would land on the water, and be craned on board for stowing.

Tactical exercises of the seaplane Canard Voisin with the seaplane carrier Foudre, in June 1912.

A float-equipped Canard Voisin seaplane was bought by the navy for this purpose in December 1911. The Foudre would be stationed at Fréjus, working as a seaplane tender, allowing for stowage, repair and supply of the seaplanes. The ship was armed on April 15, 1912, and trials with the Canard Voisin then started.

On May 1, 1912, the Navy Ministry purchased several more seaplanes, a monoplane Breguet with a single float, a Nieuport with double float, and a converted Farman biplane.

Canard Voisin seaplane under trial in August 1911.

Experiments at sea started with the Foudre in July 1912 during tactical exercises in the Mediterranean. The Canard Voisin, and a new foldable Nieuport were used. During the exercises, in which a wargame simulated the fight of two rival navies, the use of the Nieuport allowed the discovery of a surprise attack by the "adversary". During the summer of 1912 many flights of the Canard Voisin from the Foudre were accomplished in the bay of Saint-Raphaël.

By the middle of 1913, the navy had 11 seaplane pilots. The Foudre was again used in large-scale naval exercises. One of its planes, a Nieuport used for observations, foiled a "surprise attack" by a group of warships. Five more seaplanes were ordered following these exercises.

Liftoff platform experiments
A Caudron seaplane, being craned on La Foudre in April 1914.

In November 1913, a 10-meter flying-off deck was installed, with the objective of using it for a Caudron G.3 seaplane. The plane successfully lifted off from the ship on May 8, 1914. At the beginning of the war, the platform was dismantled, and further experiments were postponed to a later date.

World War I
Foudre circa 1914.

During World War I her roles were numerous, ranging from submarine tender to seaplane/aircraft transport, and headquarters ship in 1916. She was employed as an aviation school ship after the war.

She disputes the honour of being the first seaplane carrier with HMS Hermes which was temporarily converted as an experimental seaplane carrier for two months in April–May 1913, and is more often considered to be the first seaplane carrier.

Notes
  1. "The first ship to be transformed into a seaplane-carrier was the auxiliary cruiser Foudre in August 1912" (Fr: "le premier navire transformé en " porte-hydravions " est le croiseur auxiliaire Foudre en août 1912") French Defense Ministry
  2. "Le premier navire à être transformé en porte hydravion a été le croiseur auxiliaire Foudre en août 1911" "The first ship to be transformed into a seaplane carrier was the auxiliary cruiser Foudre in August 1911"
  3. Description of Foudre

Bibliography
  • Gibbs, Jay (2015). "Question 26/51: Torpedo Boat Carriers". Warship International. LII (3): 212–214. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Le Roy, Thierry (January 1996). "L'escadrille de Port Said: Première escadrille de l'aviation maritime française 1914–1916 (1e partie)" [The Port Said Squadron: The First French Naval Aviation Squadron 1914–1916]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (34): 29–31. ISSN 1243-8650.
  • Le Roy, Thierry (February 1996). "L'escadrille de Port Said: Première escadrille de l'aviation maritime française 1914–1916 (2e partie)". Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (35): 18–21. ISSN 1243-8650.
  • Le Roy, Thierry (March 1996). "L'escadrille de Port Said: Première escadrille de l'aviation maritime française 1914–1916 (Fin)". Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (36): 31–36. ISSN 1243-8650.
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