G.I. Rossolimo Boarding School Number 49

St. Mary's Shelter was founded in 1873 through the efforts of a well-known philanthropist and pediatrician Varvara Evgrafovna Chertovaya (1805–1903), and N.A.Tolskogo (1832–1891), a professor at a Moscow University. The shelter accepted children as young as the age of five who suffered from dementia, epilepsy, and blindness. The number of children was gradually increasing and by 1907 had reached 62. The institution was a charity organisation and was supported by private donations.[3]

In 1909, a neuropathologist who focused on defects in children, Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo (1860–1928) became the chief organizer of the developmental and pedagogical process. Under his leadership, the orphans were divided into two groups. The first group, composed of intellectually disabled children, was under the supervision of a caretaker and several nurses. Upon reaching 18 years of age the children from this group were further divided among specialised psychiatric hospitals. Children with other intellectual disabilities were put in the second group, where they would receive a specialized educational program developed by Rossolimo. The basis of the programme was manufacturing, although other subjects were included. In addition, the shelter studied the nervous systems of the child-patients. It also conducted psychological research.[3] The activity of Rossolimo at the shelter was highly praised by the renowned physician and educator V.P. Kaschenko.[4]

After the October Revolution, the shelter came under direct management by the state and was converted into an orphanage, under the name "Children's Home No. 13" (Russian: детский дом № 13, romanized: Dyetskii Dom Nomer Trinadtset). From 1925 to 1952, the new director V.P. Knyazeva worked to maintain the pre-revolutionary traditions and achievements. In 1928, the institution was named after Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo.

During WWII, the children attending the school were evacuated to Bashkortostan, although the school was re-opened in Moscow by 1945.

In 1949, the orphanage moved from the center of Moscow to Izmailovo, into a two-story building with bedrooms and other facilities (the intent was that the children would study in a regular school). In 1976, the orphanage officially became into a G.I. Rossolimo Specialised Boarding School No. 50 for children with intellectual disabilities.[3]

In 1996, the institution was again reorganized and renamed as the "№ 49 G.I.Rossolimo Boarding School for Orphaned children with Intellectual Disabilities". The old school building gradually fell into disrepair. In 2007 a new complex consisting of three residential buildings, school buildings, administrative block, a sports complex and a medical center, connected by a glass gallery, was built.[5]