GFER

Growth factor, augmenter of liver regeneration (ERV1 homolog, S. cerevisiae), also known as GFER, or Hepatopoietin is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GFER gene. This gene is also known as essential for respiration and vegatative growth, augmenter of liver regeneration, and growth factor of Erv1-like/Hepatic regenerative stimulation substance. [5][6][7]

GFER
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesGFER, ALR, ERV1, HERV1, HPO, HPO1, HPO2, HSS, growth factor, augmenter of liver regeneration
External IDsOMIM: 600924 MGI: 107757 HomoloGene: 55884 GeneCards: GFER
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 16 (human)[1]
Band16p13.3Start1,984,193 bp[1]
End1,987,749 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern


More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

2671

11692

Ensembl

ENSG00000127554

ENSMUSG00000040888

UniProt

P55789

P56213

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_005262

NM_023040
NM_212443
NM_001379038
NM_001379039

RefSeq (protein)

NP_005253

NP_075527

Location (UCSC)Chr 16: 1.98 – 1.99 MbChr 17: 24.69 – 24.7 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure

The GFER gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 16 at position 13.3 and it spans 3,600 base pairs.[5] The GFER gene produces a 15.4 kDa protein composed of 130 amino acids.[8][9] The structure of the protein is a homodimer which has been found to be fairly similar to the scERV1 protein of yeast.[10]

Genomics

The gene resides on chromosome 16 in the interval containing the locus for polycystic kidney disease (PKD1). The putative gene product is 42% similar to the scERV1 protein of yeast. The human gene has three exons: the first encodes a 5' untranslated region and the first part of the protein; the second encodes the bulk of the protein; and the third the remainder.

Molecular biology

Proteins of the ERV1/ALR family are encoded by all eukaryotes and cytoplasmic DNA viruses for which the sequence data are available. All possess a C-X-X-C motif within a ~100 amino acid domain

Function

The hepatotrophic factor designated augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is thought to be one of the factors responsible for the extraordinary regenerative capacity of mammalian liver. It has also been called hepatic regenerative stimulation substance (HSS). The yeast scERV1 gene had been found to be essential for oxidative phosphorylation, the maintenance of mitochondrial genomes, and the cell division cycle. The human gene is both the structural and functional homolog of the yeast scERV1 gene.[5]

This protein interacts with Mia40 during the import of intermembrane space proteins including the small Tim proteins Cox17 and Cox19 both of which have disulfide bonds.

Clinical Significance

Mutations in GFER has been shown to result in Myopathy, mitochondrial progressive, with congenital cataract, hearing loss and developmental delay (MPMCHD). MPMCHD is a disease characterized by progressive myopathy and partial combined respiratory-chain deficiency, congenital cataract, sensorineural hearing loss, and developmental delay.

Interactions

GFER has been shown to interact with COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5[11] and BNIPL.[12]

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000127554 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000040888 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Entrez Gene: GFER growth factor, augmenter of liver regeneration (ERV1 homolog, S. cerevisiae)".
  6. "GFER - FAD-linked sulfhydryl oxidase ALR - Homo sapiens (Human) - GFER gene & protein". Retrieved 2018-08-21. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  7. "UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D158–D169. January 2017. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1099. PMC 5210571. PMID 27899622.
  8. Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
  9. "GFER-Sulfhydryl oxidase". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).
  10. Lisowsky T, Weinstat-Saslow DL, Barton N, Reeders ST, Schneider MC (October 1995). "A new human gene located in the PKD1 region of chromosome 16 is a functional homologue to ERV1 of yeast". Genomics. 29 (3): 690–7. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.9950. PMID 8575761.
  11. Lu C, Li Y, Zhao Y, Xing G, Tang F, Wang Q, Sun Y, Wei H, Yang X, Wu C, Chen J, Guan KL, Zhang C, Chen H, He F (January 2002). "Intracrine hepatopoietin potentiates AP-1 activity through JAB1 independent of MAPK pathway". FASEB Journal. 16 (1): 90–2. doi:10.1096/fj.01-0506fje. PMID 11709497. S2CID 7006611.
  12. Shen L, Hu J, Lu H, Wu M, Qin W, Wan D, Li YY, Gu J (April 2003). "The apoptosis-associated protein BNIPL interacts with two cell proliferation-related proteins, MIF and GFER". FEBS Letters. 540 (1–3): 86–90. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00229-1. PMID 12681488. S2CID 9977125.

Further reading

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