GWR 111 The Great Bear

The Great Bear, number 111, was a locomotive of the Great Western Railway. It was the first 4-6-2 (Pacific) locomotive used on a railway in Great Britain,[1] and the only one of that type ever built by the GWR.

The Great Bear
Official picture of the GWR 4-6-2 No.111 The Great Bear in 1908.
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
DesignerG.J. Churchward
BuilderGWR, Swindon Works
Order numberLot 171
Serial number2279
Build dateFebruary 1908
Total produced1
RebuilderGWR, Swindon
Rebuild date7 January 1924
Number rebuilt1
Specifications
Configuration:
  Whyte4-6-2
  UIC2'C1'h4
Gauge4 ft 8 12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Leading dia.3 ft 2 in (0.965 m)
Driver dia.6 ft 8.5 in (2.045 m)
Trailing dia.3 ft 8 in (1.118 m)
Wheelbase34 ft 6 in (10.52 m)
Length71 ft 2.025 in (21.69 m)
Axle load20 long tons (20 t; 22 short tons)
Adhesive weight60 long tons (61 t; 67 short tons)
Loco weight97 long tons (99 t; 109 short tons)
Tender weight45.75 long tons (46.48 t; 51.24 short tons)
Total weight142.75 long tons (145.04 t; 159.88 short tons)
Tender type8 wheel bogie
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity6 long tons (6.1 t; 6.7 short tons)
Water cap3,500 US gal (13,000 l; 2,900 imp gal)
Firebox:
  Firegrate area
41.79 sq ft (3.882 m2)
Boiler pressure225 psi (1.551 MPa)
Heating surface3,400.81 sq ft (315.946 m2)
  Tubes and flues2,697.67 sq ft (250.622 m2)
  Firebox158.154 sq ft (14.6930 m2)
Superheater:
  TypeSwindon No. 1, Field-tube, 3-row
  Heating area545 sq ft (50.6 m2)
Cylinders4
Cylinder size15 in × 26 in (381 mm × 660 mm)
Performance figures
Tractive effort27,800 lbf (124 kN) (at 85% boiler pressure)
Career
OperatorsGWR
Class111
Power classSpecial
Number in class1
Numbers111
Official nameThe Great Bear, renamed Viscount Churchill in 1924
Axle load classRed
LocaleGreat Western Main Line (Paddington - Bristol)
First run4 February 1908
Retired(rebuilt 1924) July 1953
DispositionRebuilt to GWR 4073 Class

Origins

There are differing views as to why Churchward and the GWR should have built a Pacific locomotive in 1908 when current and future locomotive practice for the railway was centred on the 4-6-0 wheel arrangement. One suggestion is that The Great Bear was built in 1908 to satisfy demands from the directors for the largest locomotive in Britain, and much was made of the locomotive by the GWR's publicity department. However, O. S. Nock was adamant that the design "was entirely due to Churchward, and not to outside influences that pressed the project upon him".[2] Nock regarded the locomotive as "primarily an exercise in boiler design", with Churchward looking forward to a time when his Star Class locomotives could no longer cope with increasing loads.[3]

Design

The front-end layout of the class was the same as that for the Star Class except that Churchward fitted 15 in (380 mm) diameter cylinders, the maximum possible without fouling the rear wheels of the front bogie.[4] However, the design of the boiler was entirely new, and with a barrel of 23 ft (7.010 m) in length,[5] which was exceptionally long both by contemporary and later standards. The main reason Churchward adopted the 4-6-2 wheel arrangement was to enable him to fit a wide firebox over the trailing wheels. With a firebox surface of 182 sq ft (16.9 m2) this was a 17.5% increase in size compared to the Star Class.[6] It was also built with a Swindon No. 1 superheater.

Power classification

With the introduction of Great Western Railway Power Classification in 1920, the power classification was "Special" (denoted by a black "+" on the red route availability disc,[7]) although the tractive effort of 27,800 lbf (124,000 N) fell within the range for "D".

Performance

In service, the performance of The Great Bear proved to be disappointing and not a significant improvement on existing classes. "The excessive tube and barrel length of 23 feet made for bulk rather than efficiency".[8] Also, the axle boxes of the trailing wheels tended to become overheated due to their proximity to the firebox. Churchward attempted to improve the locomotive's performance by adding a Swindon No. 3 Superheater in 1913 and top-feed apparatus. However, the excellent performance of the Star Class and the advent of the First World War brought a stop to further experimentation without significant improvement.

Route availability

In addition to the disappointing performance, the locomotive had a highly restrictive route availability which limited its usefulness. The 20 long tons 9 cwt (20.8 t) axle load restricted it to the Paddington to Bristol main line, although it was once recorded to have travelled as far west as Newton Abbot.[1] The GWR route availability colour code for The Great Bear was Red.[7]

Publicity value

Although not a technical success, The Great Bear was considered the company's flagship locomotive from its introduction until Churchward's retirement in 1922.[9] With the introduction of 4073 Caerphilly Castle in 1923 with a higher tractive effort, The Great Bear ceased to have any publicity value and became an embarrassment. It was due for heavy repairs in January 1924 and so was withdrawn from service by Churchward's successor Charles Collett.[10] It had then completed a mileage of 527,272. Its regular engine driver was Thomas Blackall, originally from Aston Tirrold, Oxfordshire.

Rebuilding

"The front portion of the original frames and the number plates were used again but probably little else".[8] No. 111 emerged as a 4-6-0 in the Castle Class, given the name Viscount Churchill. Thereafter, the GWR did not use the Pacific wheel arrangement. No. 111 was withdrawn in July 1953 and scrapped later that year. One of the original nameplates is in the Science Museum.[11]

Assessment

According to Cecil J. Allen, "The Great Bear was one of the very few locomotive types that Swindon has produced, and in particular among the Churchward designs, to which the word 'failure' could be applied."[12] Authorities differ as to Churchward's attitude to his locomotive. According to Le Fleming, "his dislike of 'The Bear' was well known",[13] but Nock said that he had "a deep affection for the engine", although he came to regard it as "a white elephant" rather than a "Great Bear".[14] He was disappointed to hear of The Great Bear's destruction, and, upon hearing of Nigel Gresley's plans to construct a Pacific for the Great Northern Railway, is said to have replied: "What did that young man want to build it for? We could have sold him ours!"

References

  1. Foster, Richard (November 2007). "The man and his machines: The Great Bear". Steam Railway. No. 342. Peterborough: EMAP Ltd. p. 69.
  2. Nock 1983, p. 80
  3. Nock 1983, p. 163
  4. Nock 1980, p. 81
  5. Farr, Keith (October 2008). "Britain's first Pacific". The Railway Magazine. Vol. 154 no. 1, 290. pp. 38–43. ISSN 0033-8923.
  6. Nock 1983, p. 164
  7. le Fleming 1960, p. H13
  8. le Fleming 1953, p. H13
  9. Nock 1980, p. 85
  10. Nock 1980, p. 89
  11. http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co207360/nameplate-great-western-railway-the-great-bear-locomotive-nameplate
  12. Allen 1962, p. 11
  13. le Fleming 1953, p. H12
  14. Nock 1980, p. 90
  • Haresnape, Brian; Alec Swain (1976). Churchward Locomotives. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-0697-0.
  • Allen, Cecil J. (1962). British Pacific Locomotives. London: Ian Allan Ltd.
  • le Fleming, H.M. (November 1960) [1953]. White, D.E. (ed.). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway Part 8: Modern Passenger Classes (2nd ed.). Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-19-3.
  • le Fleming, H.M. (1953). White, D.E. (ed.). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway Part 8: Modern Passenger Classes. RCTS.
  • Nock, O. S. (1983). British Locomotives of the 20th Century Vol.1. London: Book Club Associates.
  • Nock, O. S. (1980). The GWR Stars, Castles and Kings. London: Book Club Associates.
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