General feature format

In bioinformatics, the general feature format (gene-finding format, generic feature format, GFF) is a file format used for describing genes and other features of DNA, RNA and protein sequences.

General feature format
Filename extensions
.gff
Internet media type
text/gff3
Developed bySanger Centre (v2), Sequence Ontology Project (v3)
Type of formatBioinformatics
Extended fromTab-separated values
Open format?yes
Websitegithub.com/The-Sequence-Ontology/Specifications/blob/master/gff3.md

GFF Versions

The following versions of GFF exist:

GFF2/GTF had a number of deficiencies, notably that it can only represent two-level feature hierarchies and thus cannot handle the three-level hierarchy of gene → transcript → exon. GFF3 addresses this and other deficiencies. For example, it supports arbitrarily many hierarchical levels, and gives specific meanings to certain tags in the attributes field.

The GTF is identical to GFF, version 2.[1]

GFF general structure

All GFF formats (GFF2, GFF3 and GTF) are tab delimited with 9 fields per line. They all share the same structure for the first 7 fields, while differing in the content and format of the ninth field. The general structure is as follows:

General GFF structure
Position index Position name Description
1 sequence The name of the sequence where the feature is located.
2 source Keyword identifying the source of the feature, like a program (e.g. Augustus or RepeatMasker) or an organization (like TAIR).
3 feature The feature type name, like "gene" or "exon". In a well structured GFF file, all the children features always follow their parents in a single block (so all exons of a transcript are put after their parent "transcript" feature line and before any other parent transcript line). In GFF3, all features and their relationships should be compatible with the standards released by the Sequence Ontology Project.
4 start Genomic start of the feature, with a 1-base offset. This is in contrast with other 0-offset half-open sequence formats, like BED.
5 end Genomic end of the feature, with a 1-base offset. This is the same end coordinate as it is in 0-offset half-open sequence formats, like BED.
6 score Numeric value that generally indicates the confidence of the source in the annotated feature. A value of "." (a dot) is used to define a null value.
7 strand Single character that indicates the strand of the feature; it can assume the values of "+" (positive, or 5'->3'), "-", (negative, or 3'->5'), "." (undetermined).
8 phase phase of CDS features; it can be either one of 0, 1, 2 (for CDS features) or "." (for everything else). See the section below for a detailed explanation.
9 attributes All the other information pertaining to this feature. The format, structure and content of this field is the one which varies the most between the three competing file formats.

The 8th field: phase of CDS features

Simply put, CDS means "CoDing Sequence". The exact meaning of the term is defined by Sequence Ontology (SO). According to the GFF3 specification:[2][3]

For features of type "CDS", the phase indicates where the feature begins with reference to the reading frame. The phase is one of the integers 0, 1, or 2, indicating the number of bases that should be removed from the beginning of this feature to reach the first base of the next codon.

Meta Directives

In GFF files, additional meta information can be included and follows after the ## directive. This meta information can detail GFF version, sequence region, or species (full list of meta data types can be found at Sequence Ontology specifications).

GFF software

Servers

Servers that generate this format:

ServerExample file
UniProt

Clients

Clients that use this format:

NameDescriptionLinks
GBrowseGMOD genome viewerGBrowse
IGBIntegrated Genome BrowserIntegrated Genome Browser
JalviewA multiple sequence alignment editor & viewerJalview
STRAPUnderlining sequence features in multiple alignments. Example output:
JBrowseJBrowse is a fast, embeddable genome browser built completely with JavaScript and HTML5JBrowse.org
ZENBUA collaborative, omics data integration and interactive visualization system

Validation

The modENCODE project hosts an online GFF3 validation tool with generous limits of 286.10 MB and 15 million lines.

The Genome Tools software collection contains a gff3validator tool that can be used offline to validate and possibly tidy GFF3 files. An online validation service is also available.

See also

References
  1. GFF/GTF info, from Ensembl
  2. "GFF3 specification". 2018-11-24.
  3. "Gff3 - Gmod".
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