George Grunert

Grunert, born of German immigrants on July 21, 1881, was a native of White Haven, Pennsylvania. He enlisted in the United States Army in 1898 during the Spanish–American War and served in the Philippines, Cuba and western posts in his early career. As a quartermaster sergeant in an artillery unit at Fort Monroe, Virginia he obtained a commission at second lieutenant in the cavalry in 1901. By 1908 he was stationed in Cuba and at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, a cavalry post in 1910.

Grunert was sent to France as an observer with British forces in 1917 during World War I. During the American build up, he served as assistant chief of staff for I Corps and was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his work during the United States offensives of 1918.

In 1919, Grunert attended the Army War College then at Washington Barracks, now Fort Lesley J. McNair, in Washington, D.C. He served with the 1st Infantry Division at Camp Dix, then to Washington, D.C. to serve in the office of the Army Chief of Staff. He returned to the field as a lieutenant colonel of the 10th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Huachuca, Arizona in 1925.

After a second tour of duty in the office of the Army Chief of Staff, Grunert attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from 1930 to 1932. In 1933, he was the director of military intelligence and espionage division course at the Army War College and in 1935, he became director of war plans division course.

In 1936, Grunert was posted to the Philippines as commanding officer of the 26th Cavalry Regiment (Philippine Scouts). He received his promotion to brigadier general in December 1936 in preparation for his command of the 23rd Brigade, a brigade of the Philippine Division composed of Philippine Scouts.

In November 1938 Grunert succeeded George C. Marshall in command of 5th Brigade at Vancouver Barracks, Washington. Grunert was promoted to major general in 1939 and, in October, returned to the Philippines to command the Philippine Division. From May 1940 to November 1941 Grunert commanded the Philippine Department, directing the United States Army supervision and control over the Philippine defense force until Douglas MacArthur came out of retirement to assume command in July 1941. MacArthur abolished the Philippine Department as a redundant command echelon in November 1941 and Grunert returned to the United States.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor occurred shortly after Grunert reached the United States, and he was shuffled between a number of assignments that included command of the Sixth Service Command at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, serving as the ranking military officer in the Chicago area, and two administrative posts with Army Service Forces as Deputy Chief of Staff for Service Commands (Service of Supply) overseeing the nine United States-based supply and logistics commands (formerly corps areas), under General Brehon B. Somervell.

In August 1943, Grunert was appointed deputy commander for both the Eastern Defense Command, a continental defense command for the eastern United States, and First United States Army at Fort Jay, Governors Island in New York City, taking the place of General Hugh A. Drum upon his mandatory retirement at age 64 in October 1943 and being promoted to lieutenant general at the same time.

Grunert held interim command over First Army until January 1944 while Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley completed assembling and staffing its new headquarters in England for the Normandy Invasion. Grunert continued command of Eastern Defense Command, which also assumed the duties of Central Defense Command, and Second Service Command for the New York area until his retirement in July 1945.

In June 1944, Grunert was appointed by Secretary of War Henry Stimson as the presiding officer of a secret panel that investigated the army response to events prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Pearl Harbor Board report, released after the war, traced the entire military and diplomatic history prior to the attack finding much fault along the way, critical of break downs in communications between Secretary of State Cordell Hull, George C. Marshall and a failure of appropriate action by Hawaiian Department commander, Walter C. Short. The panel's method of investigation and conclusions are still subject to criticism today.

Grunert died at Brooke Army Hospital in San Antonio, Texas on January 12, 1971 at age 89 and was buried at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Florence Reynolds, daughter Mary and son-in-law, then First United States Army commander, Lieutenant General Jonathan O. Seaman at Fort Meade, Maryland. His son, Colonel George R. Grunert (1908–1969), attended the United States Military Academy, graduating with the class of 1930 and played on the army polo team. He was a veteran of World War II and Korea and preceded his father in death.

Ribbon bar with the list of General George Grunert's decorations:[1]

1st row	Army Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster				Silver Star				Legion of Merit
2nd row	Purple Heart			Spanish Campaign Medal			Army of Cuban Occupation Medal			Philippine Campaign Medal
3rd row	Army of Cuban Pacification Medal			Mexican Border Service Medal			World War I Victory Medal			Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
4th row	American Defense Service Medal			American Campaign Medal			World War II Victory Medal			Knight of the Legion of Honour

• "Who Was to Blame? [Pearl Harbor Inquiry]", Time Magazine, vol. XLVI no. 11, September 10, 1945
• "The Judges [Pearl Harbor Inquiry]", Time Magazine, vol. XLVI no. 11, September 10, 1945
• Biography of Sofia Adamson, Civilian, War Department, Fort Santiago, Philippines
• "Army Orders and Assignments", New York Times, p. 54, April 11, 1930
• "Promotes 2 Generals and Seven Colonels", New York Times, p. 14, December 23, 1936
• "Roosevelt Appoints Six New Generals", New York Times, p. 7, August 3, 1939
• "Gen. Drum Gets Washington Post In Addition to Command Here", New York Times, p. 1, August 24, 1943
• "Grunert Takes Command", New York Times, p. 12, October 19, 1943
• "Army Leader in East Retires After 47 Years", New York Times, p. 8, August 1, 1945
• "Gen. George Grunert, 91, Dies; Led Inquiry on Pearl Harbor", New York Times, p. 40, January 14, 1971
• Ray, Max (1980), The History of the First United States Army from 1918 to 1980, Fort Meade MD: First United States Army
• A Patch of Pride: A History of the First Army, New York, New York: First United States Army, 1950, pp. 11–12