German modal particles

Halt, eben, einmal (in this context, always unshortened) and nun einmal (shortened: nun mal) imply that the (often unpleasant) fact expressed in a sentence cannot be changed and must be accepted. Halt and nun mal are more colloquial than eben. In English, they could be rendered to "as a matter of fact" or by a "happen to" construction.

Gute Kleider sind eben teuer. ("Good clothes are expensive, it can't be helped."/"Good clothes happen to be expensive.")

Er hat mich provoziert, da habe ich ihn halt geschlagen. ("He provoked me, so I hit him – what did you expect?")

Es ist nun einmal so. ("That's just how it is.")

Ja (engl. "you know"/"everyone knows"/"I already told you") indicates that the speaker thinks a certain fact should already be known to the listener and intends the statement to be more of a reminder or conclusion.

Ich habe ihm ein Buch geschenkt, er liest ja sehr gerne. ("I gave him a book; as you know he likes to read.")

Heidi ist ja ein Kind. ("Heidi is a child; as you can see.")

Einmal, shortened mal (literally: once, roughly translated: "for once") also indicates a certain immediacy to the action or even implies a command. On the other hand, it can give a kind of casualness to a sentence and so making it sound less blunt.

Hör mal zu! (Listen!" or "Listen to me"!)

Beeile dich mal! ("Do hurry up!")

Sing mal etwas Schönes! ("Why don't you sing something pretty?")

Schauen wir mal. (lit.: "Let's take one look." meaning: "Let's just relax and then we'll see what we'll be doing.")

Doch can have several meanings. (See also Yes and no § Three-form systems.) For one, it can be used affirmatively, or it can convey emphasis, urgency or impatience, or it can serve as a reply to a real or imagined, or pre-emptively answered, disagreement, hesitation, or wrong assumption on the part of the listener, or other people. In other situations this can have different effects. Conversely, doch can also express doubt and, in writing, the affirmative and doubtful meanings can be ambiguous and depend on context. In speech, the different meanings of doch can be told apart by different emphases.

Gehst Du nicht nach Hause? Doch, ich gehe gleich. ("Are you not going home?" "Oh, yes, I am going in a moment".) (Affirmation of a negative question; obligatory.)

Komm doch her! ("Do come here!") (Emphatically)

Komm doch endlich her! ("Do come on! Get a move on!") (More emphatically and impatiently)

Ich habe dir doch gesagt, dass es nicht so ist. ("I did tell you that it isn't like that." or "I told you it isn't like that, didn't I?")

Ich kenne mich in Berlin aus. Ich war doch letztes Jahr dort. ("I know my way around Berlin. I was here last year, after all/as a matter of fact.")

In this way, doch can be similar to stressed schon ("indeed"), but schon implies an actual qualification of the statement, often made explicit in a phrase with aber ("but"):

Ich war schon auf der Party, aber Spaß hatte ich nicht. ("I was indeed at the party, but I did not enjoy myself.")

This is not to be confused with the adverbial meaning of, unstressed, schon: already. However, at least in writing schon "already" must either be made unmistakable by the context, e. g. by additional adverbs, or replaced by its equivalent bereits.

Ich war schon (/bereits) auf der Party, aber Spaß hatte ich (noch) nicht. ("I was already at the party, but I had not (yet) been enjoying myself.")

In other contexts, doch indicates that the action described in the sentence was, in fact, unlikely to occur:

Du bist also doch gekommen! ("You came after all.")

Ich sehe nicht viel fern, aber wenn etwas Gutes kommt, schalte ich doch ein. ("I don't watch much TV, but I do tune in if something good comes on.")

Gar used to intensify a statement, the completeness, or a total lack of something.

Ich besitze gar kein Auto. ("I'm afraid I have no car (at all).")

Used at the beginning of a sentence, especially in literary, it sometimes can have a different meaning. In that case it often is interchangeable with sogar or ganz:

Gar die Lehrerin hat über dich gelacht! = Sogar die Lehrerin hat über dich gelacht! ("Even the teacher laughed at you!") [Here, gar does not act as a modal particle]

Gar 20 Jahre lebe ich jetzt schon hier. = Ganze 20 Jahre lebe ich jetzt schon hier. ("I already have been living here for two entire decades.")

Rein often precedes gar; used to point out the total lack of something. Ich habe rein gar nichts gemacht! ("I did absolutely nothing!")

Total besides its use as an adjective and adverb, it can also act as a modal particle indicating irony. Its best to be translated as "well", "really" or "let me think...".

A: Hast du Lust meinen Geschirrspüler auszuräumen? B: Total... ("A: Do you wanna empty my dishwasher? B: Let me think... no!")

Ich musste heute drei Stunden beim Arzt warten... hat total Spaß gemacht... ("Today I had to wait for three hours at the doctor's office... it really was a lot of fun!")

Aber, when not used as a conjunction, is very similar to doch. It conveys a meaning of disagreement to a previously-stated or implied assertion. Alternatively, aber can be used to show surprise.

Du sprichst aber schon gut Deutsch! ("But you do already speak good German!")

Du sprichst aber gut Deutsch! ("Wow, do you speak good German!")

Sowieso, ohnehin or eh, meaning "anyway(s)", implies an emphasized assertion. Especially in the South, eh is colloquially most common. All these can be enforced by a preceding doch.

Ich hab ihm eh gesagt, dass er sich wärmer anziehen soll. ("I told him to put on warmer clothes in the first place.")

Das ist eh nicht wahr. ("That's not true anyway.")

Vielleicht, as a modal particle, is used for emphasis and should not be confused with the adverb vielleicht (meaning "perhaps"):

Das ist vielleicht ein großer Hund! (with an emphasis on "Das", "That's quite a large dog!")

But:

Vielleicht ist das ein großer Hund. Es ist schwer zu erkennen. ("Maybe that's a large dog. It's difficult to tell.")

Fei (which is no longer recognised as the adverb fein, finely) is a particle peculiar to Upper German dialects. It denotes that the speaker states something important that might be a surprise for the listener. To give an adequate translation even into Standard German is difficult; probably, the best substitute would be to use understatements with strong affirmative meaning. In English, translations to "I should think" or "just to mention" seem possible, varying from context.

Des kôsch fei net macha! (Swabian) = Das kannst du (eigentlich wirklich) nicht machen. (You can't do that! / If you do look at it, you really can't do that. / You can't, I should think, do that.)

I bin fei ned aus Preissen! (Bavarian) = Ich bin, das wollte ich nur einmal anmerken, nicht aus Preußen. / Ich bin wohlgemerkt (gar) nicht aus Preußen. (Just to mention, I'm not from Prussia.)

Wohl is often used instead of epistemic adverbs, such as vermutlich or wahrscheinlich. It is also used to emphasize a strong disagreement. Literal translation with "probably" or at least with "seemingly" is possible.

Es wird wohl Regen geben. ("It looks like rain. / It's probably going to rain.")

Du bist wohl verrückt!. ("You must be out of your mind.")

^ Note on mal: The colloquial shortening of einmal to mal is not considered standard (while modal particles, as such, are).

• Bross, Fabian (2012). "German modal particles and the common ground" (PDF). Helikon. A Multidisciplinary Online Journal: 182–209.
• Durrell, Martin; Arnold, Edward. Hammer's German Grammar and Usage. Hodder and Sloughton. ISBN 0-340-50128-6.
• Collier, Gordon; Shields, Brian. Guided German-English translation: ein Handbuch für Studenten. ISBN 3-494-00896-5.
• Sérvulo Monteiro Resende, Die Wiedergabe der Abtönungspartikeln doch, ja, eben und halt im Englischen auf der Grundlage literarischer Übersetzungen, Dissertation (1995)

• Teaching German Modal Particles
• (in German) canoonet "Die Partikeln"(Original)