German state railway norms
In German railway engineering, norms (Normalien) are standards for the design and production of railway vehicles. In the 1880s and 1890s, Prussian norms were developed for the locomotives, tenders and wagons of the Prussian state railways under the direction of the railway director responsible for railway engineering, Moritz Stambke. Later, these were largely adopted by the other state railways (Länderbahnen) in Germany.
Engineering drawings
These norms are defined by engineering drawings to 1:40 scale on individual sheets and show the locomotives and wagons as full design drawings, referred to by their sheet (Musterblatt) numbers. The first drawings date from 1878. In 1885 the Minister for Public Works tasked the Hütte Academic Institute with the publication of the norms. The drawings were regularly updated as technical developments occurred. The last Prussian drawings were issued in 1923.
Goods wagons
The design drawings for goods wagons were of special importance. The wagons built to these specifications appeared in large numbers and formed the bulk of the German wagon fleet until well after the Second World War. The 1973 DR Goods Wagon Handbook still contained most of the DSV wagon classes as well as the former Prussian Class IId wagons. The most important types are listed in the following table. Note that group IIb are goods wagons based on old designs, IIc goods wagons under 15 ton maximum load and IId goods wagons with at least 15 tons maximum load. A-group wagons are those built to the standard drawings of the DSV. Wagons according to sheets with other nos. are special designs, of which some were also built in large numbers.
| Description | Sheet No. | Payload | State Railway Class | DRG Class from 1922 |
DB Class from 1952 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to 1909/14 | from 1909/14 | |||||
| Goods van | 8 | 10 t | Gl | G | Gw Magdeburg | – |
| IIb 1 | 10 or 12.5 t | Gl | G | Gw Magdeburg | Gw 01 | |
| IIb 3 | 15 t | Gml | Gm | G Hannover or Stettin | – | |
| IId 8 | 15 t 10 t | Gml Gnl | Gm N | G Hannover/Stettin Gwh Magdeburg | G 02 – | |
| A2 | 15 t | – | Gm, Nm | G(h) Kassel/München | G(h) 10 | |
| Goods van (facultative wagon) with end platforms for occasional passenger transport |
IIb 1a | 10 t | Gnl | Ni | Giwh Magdeburg | – |
| Six-wheeled goods van for express goods |
IIc 13 | 10, later 15 t | G(n)l | N | Gh Hannover | – |
| IIc 13II | 6, later 15 t | G(n)wl | Nwl für Sz | Glpwhs Dresden | G(w)h(s) 05 | |
| Large-capacity goods van (container glass wagon) |
Ce5 | 15 t | Gml | Gml | Gl Dresden | Gl 06 |
| A9 | 15 t | – | Gml | Gl Dresden | Gl 11 | |
| Double-deck livestock van for small animals |
IIc 1 | 10 t | Vel | Ven | Vpwh Altona | Vwh 04 |
| IIc 1a | 10 t | Ve(n)lz | Venz | Vwh Altona | Vwh 04 | |
| IIc 1b | 10 t | Ve | Ven | Vpwh Altona | Vwh 03 | |
| IId 10 | 15 t | Ve(n)mlz | Venmz | Vh Altona | Vh 04 | |
| A8 | 15 t | – | Venmz | Vh Altona | Vh 14 | |
| Livestock van for cattle and horses |
IIc 2 | 10 t | V(n)l | Vn | Gvwh Magdeburg | – |
| Open livestock wagon for cattle and horses |
IIc 3 | 10 t | VO(n)l | VO | Ovw Karlsruhe | − |
| Lidded wagon (lime wagon) |
IIc 8 | 10 or 12.5 t | Kr | K | Kw Elberfeld | Kw 05 |
| IId 4 | 15 t | Km | Km | K Elberfeld | K 06 | |
| A7 | 15 t | – | Km | K Elberfeld | K 15 | |
| Open goods wagon sides 85 to 100 cm high, removable for military vehicle transport, end doors |
10 | 10 t | Olk[u] | Ok[u] | Ow Karlsruhe, Xow Erfurt | – |
| IIb 2 | 10 or 12.5 t | Olk | Ok | Ow Karlsruhe | – | |
| IId 3 | 15 t | Omk | Omk | O Frankfurt/Würzburg | O 01 | |
| A1 | 15 t | – | Omk | O Halle | O 10 | |
| Coal wagon sides 108 to 130 cm high, end doors |
IIc 4 | 10 or 12.5 t | Ork | Ok | Ow Karlsruhe | – |
| IIc 5 | 10 or 12.5 t | Ork[u] | Ok[u] | Ow Karlsruhe | – | |
| IId 1 | 15 t | Omk[u] | Omk[u] | O Schwerin | O 02 | |
| A6 | 15 t | – | Omk[u] | O Nürnberg | O 11 | |
| Coke wagon sides 140 to 155 cm high, end doors |
IIc 7 | 10 or 12.5 t | Oclk[u] | Ock[u] | Ocw Münster | – |
| IId 2 | 15 t | Ocmlk[u] | Ocmk[u] | Oc Münster | Oc 01 | |
| IId 2III | 20 t | Omlk[u] | Ommk[u] | Om Ludwigshafen | Om 04 | |
| A10 | 20 t | – | Ommk[u] | Om Breslau/Essen | Om 12 | |
| Coal wagon sides 150 to 180 cm high, end doors |
Cc7 | 20 t | Omk[u] | Ommk[u] | Om Ludwigshafen | Om 04 |
| Ce93, Ce95 | 20 t | Omk[u] | Ommk[u] | Om Ludwigshafen | Om 04 | |
| Ce146 | 20 t | – | Ommk[u] | Om Ludwigshafen | Om 04 | |
| Bogie coal wagon sides 130 cm high, end door |
IId 7 (1st use) | 30 t | OOmk | OOmk | OO Oldenburg | – |
| Coal hopper wagon | IIc 6 | 10 t | Otr[u] | Ot[u] | Otw Mainz | – |
| IIc 12 | 12.5 t | Otr[u] | Ot[u] | Otw Mainz | – | |
| Long low wagon with wooden stanchions |
IIc 10 | 10 or 12.5 t | Sl | R | Rw Stuttgart | Rw 01 |
| IId 5 | 15 t | Sml | Rm | R Stuttgart | R 02 | |
| A4 | 15 t | – | Rm | R Stuttgart | R 10 | |
| Flat wagon (rail wagon) 13 m loading length |
Ce143 | 15 t | Sml | Sml | S Augsburg | S 05 |
| A11 | 15 t | – | Sml | S Augsburg | S 14 | |
| Bogie flat wagon (rail wagon) 12 to 18 m loading length |
IIc 9 | 20, later 25 t | SS | SS | SSkw Köln | – |
| IId 6 | 30, later 35 t | SSm | SSm | SSk Köln | SSk 07 | |
| IId 6a | 30, later 35 t | SSml | SSml | SSk Köln | SSk 07 | |
| IId 7 | 30, later 35 t | SSml | SSml | SSk Köln | SSk 08 | |
| IId 7II | 35 t | – | SSml | SS Köln | SS 08 | |
| A3 | 35 t | – | SSml | SS Köln | SS 15 | |
| Ce168 | 38 t | – | SSml | SSl Köln | SSl 16 | |
| Single bolster wagon (timber truck) |
IIc 11 | 10 t | HHrsz | Hsz | Hosw Regensburg | – |
| IId 9 | 15 t | HHmrsz | Hmsz | Hos Regensburg | – | |
| A5 | 18, later 15 t | – | Hrmz | H Regensburg | H 10 | |
Other examples
Other examples of Prussian norms are:
| Pwg Pr 92c | Sheet IIa 3 |
| Bogies | Sheet VId 7II |
| Diamond bogie Verbandsbauart | Sheet B23 |
| S 6 (straight driver's cab end wall) | Sheet XIV-2a |
| G 3 | Sheet 15, 16, III-3 |
| T 9.1 | Sheet III-4f |
| T 10 | Sheet XIV-4b |
| Tender 4T18 | Sheet III-5e |
| Tender 4T21,5 | Sheet III-5h |
| Tender 4T21,5 | Sheet III-5l |
| Tender 4T31,5 | Sheet III-5m |
Literature and sources
- Multiple authors (1974). Güterwagen Handbuch, Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin
- Behrends, H.; Hensel, W.; Wiedau, G. (1989). Güterwagen-Archiv (Band 1), Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin
- Carstens, S.; Ossig, R. (1989). Güterwagen. Band 1. Gedeckte Wagen, W. Tümmels, Nuremberg
- Carstens, S.; Diener H. U. (1989). Güterwagen. Band 2. Gedeckte Wagen – Sonderbauarten, W. Tümmels, Nuremberg
- Carstens, S.; Diener H. U. (1996). Güterwagen. Band 3. Offene Wagen, Eigenverlag, Hasloh
- Carstens, S. (2003). Güterwagen. Band 4. Offene Wagen in Sonderbauart, MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg
- Carstens, S. (2008). Güterwagen. Band 5. Rungen-, Schienen- und Flachwagen, MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg
- Deutsche Bundesbahn, EZA Minden (1951). Handbuch für Umzeichnung der Güterwagen, Minden
- Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft, Reichsbahn-Zentralamt (1928) Merkbuch für die Fahrzeuge der Reichsbahn. IV. Wagen (Regelspur). 1928 edition, Berlin
- Königl. Eisenbahn Zentralamt (1915). Merkbuch für die Fahrzeuge der Preußisch-Hessischen Staatseisenbahnverwaltung. 1915 edition, Berlin
- Troche, H. (1992) Die preußischen Normal-Güterzuglokomotiven der Gattungen G 3 und G 4. Kap. 17. Die Normalien-Güterwagen, EK-Verlag, Freiburg