Geumgwan Gaya

Geumgwan Gaya (43 - 532), also known as Bon-Gaya (본가야, 本伽倻, "original Gaya") or Garakguk (가락국, "Garak State"), was the ruling city-state of the Gaya confederacy during the Three Kingdoms Period in Korea. It is believed to have been located around the modern-day city of Gimhae, Southern Gyeongsang province, near the mouth of the Nakdong River. Due to its geographic location, this kingdom played a dominant role in the regional affairs from the Byeonhan period onward to the end of the Gaya confederacy.

Geumgwan Gaya
Hangul
금관가야
Hanja
金官伽倻
Revised RomanizationGeumgwan Gaya
McCune–ReischauerKŭmgwan Kaya
Part of a series on the
History of Korea
Prehistoric period
Ancient period
Gojoseon 2333 BCE (?)–108 BCE
Jin
Proto–Three Kingdoms period
Three Kingdoms period
Goguryeo 37 BCE–668 CE
Baekje 18 BCE–660 CE
Silla 57 BCE–935 CE
Gaya confederacy 42–562
Northern and Southern States period
United Silla (Unified Silla) 668–935
Balhae 698–926
Later Three Kingdoms period
Later Baekje 892–936
Taebong (Later Goguryeo) 901–918
Unified Silla (Later Silla) 668–935
Dynastic period
Goryeo 918–1392
Joseon·Korean Empire 1392–1897-1910
Colonial period
Japanese rule 1910–1945
Provisional Government 1919–1948
Modern period
Military governments 1945–1948
North-South division 1945-present
* North 1948–present
* South 1948–present
Topics
Timeline

Rise of the kingdom

Gaya confederacy (42–532 CE), founded by the King Suro, originated from the Byeonhan (also called Pyonhan, Byeon and Byeonjin) tribe, and it had 12 statelets. Byeonhan was one of the 3 Samhan, other 2 being Jinhan and Mahan.[1][2][3] According to the Samguk Yusa, Geumgwan Kaya was made of 9 villages united by King Suro of Gaya. His wife and queen Heo Hwang-ok, whom he married in 48 AD, is believed to be from an Ayuta kingdom.[4] As a confederacy of city states, Gaya rose to prosperity due to sea port trade with Japan and other states as well with land trade with China in the north.[1] Daegaya was an important city state and sea port as part of the Gaya Confideracy, it is associated with the place the Queen Heo had first arrived in Korea from her foreign location.

During this early time in the history of Gaya, several waves of migration from the north, including the earlier-extant Gojoseon, Buyeo, and the Goguryeo, arrived and integrated with existing populations and stimulated cultural and political developments. A sharp break in burial styles is found in archaeological sites dated near the late 3rd century AD, when these migrations are to have taken place. Burial forms associated with North Asian nomadic peoples, such as the burial of horses with the dead, suddenly replace earlier forms in the tombs of the elite. In addition, evidence exists indicating that earlier burials were systematically destroyed. In the early 1990s, a royal tomb complex was unearthed in Daeseong-dong, Gimhae, attributed to Geumgwan Gaya but apparently used since Byeonhan times.[5]

Religion
See also: Korean Buddhism, Buddhism in China, and Silk Road transmission of Buddhism

Centuries after Buddhism originated in India, the Mahayana Buddhism arrived in China through the Silk Route in 1st century CE via Tibet, then to Korea peninsula in 3rd century during the Three Kingdoms Period from where it transmitted to Japan. In Korea, it was adopted by the state religion by 3 constituent polities of the Three Kingdoms Period, first by the Goguryeo ruling tribe of Geumgwan Gaya in 372 CE, by the Silla in 528 CE, and by the Baekje in 552 CE.[1]

List of kings

In chronological order:[1]

  • Geumgwan Gaya (lit. Gaya Confederacy) or Bon Gaya (lit. Original Gaya) era
  1. King Suro
  2. King Geodeung
  3. King Mapum
  4. King Geojilmi
  5. King Isipum
  6. King Jwaji
  7. King Chwhui
  8. King Jilji
  9. King Gyeomji
  10. King Guhyeoung (521-532 CE)

Dae Gaya (lit. Great Gaya) era

  1. King Ijinasi
  2. King Geumnim
  3. King Haji
  4. King Gasil
  5. King Inoe
  6. King Doseolji (?-562 CE)
  7. King

Decline

Geumgwan Gaya declined due to the wars with Japan and those tribes in north. Its various constituent city statelets fell one by one to Silla.[1] After Geumgwan Gaya capitulated to Silla in 532 AD, its royal house was accepted into the Sillan aristocracy[6][7] (probably because by that time, a major house of Silla, of the Gyeongju Kim clan, was related to the Gaya royal house, which was Gimhae Kim clan) and given the rank of "true bone," the second-highest level of the Silla bone rank system. General Kim Yu-shin of Silla (also of the Gimhae Kim clan) was a descendant of the last king of Gaya.

  • Gaya horse armour
  • Gaya armour
  • Gaya crown
  • Gaya pottery

See also

References
  1. Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae, 2014, Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, pp. 44-49, 52-60.
  2. Huiyi, Yi; Songsu, Park; Naehyon, Yun (2005). New history of Korea. Seoul: Jimundang. p. 136. ISBN 8988095855.
  3. Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (2013-01-01). Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800. Cengage Learning. p. 101. ISBN 978-1133606512.
  4. "The Relations Between Korea and India: Korean-Indian Relations in Ancient History." http://www.korea.net/news/issue/attach/PDF%20Format_india_2.pdf, page 3 of 9.
  5. Cheol, S.K. (2000). Relations between Kaya and Wa in the third to fourth centuries AD. Journal of East Asian Archeology 2(3-4), 112-122.
  6. Barnes, Gina L. (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology. In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, pp. 179–200. Curzon, London.
  7. (2001). Kaya. In The Penguin Archaeology Guide, edited by Paul Bahn, pp. 228–229. Penguin, London.
  • Cheol, S.K. (2000). Relations between Kaya and Wa in the third to fourth centuries AD. Journal of East Asian Archeology 2(3-4), 112-122.
  • Il, yeon. Garak-gukgi chronicles, Samgukyusa
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