Goliath tracked mine

During and after World War I, a number of inventors devised small, remote-controlled, tracked vehicles intended to carry an explosive charge. During the war, the French developed two vehicles. The Crocodile Schneider Torpille Terrestre[2] (transl. 'Land Torpedo Crocodile Schneider') carried a 40 kg (88 lb) explosive charge and saw limited combat use in June 1916. However, it performed poorly and was eclipsed by the first tanks, then being introduced.[3] The Aubriot-Gabet Torpille Électrique (transl. 'Aubriot-Gabet Electric Torpedo') was driven by a single electric motor powered by a trailing cable. This vehicle may have been steered by clutch control on its tracks, although early versions may have lacked steering.[3] This may not have mattered as its task was simply to cross No man's land to attack the long trenches of the enemy.[4] The Wickersham Land Torpedo was patented by American inventor Elmer Wickersham in 1918[5] and in the 1930s, a similar vehicle was developed by the French vehicle designer Adolphe Kégresse.

In late 1940, Kégresse's prototype was recovered by the Germans near the Seine; the Wehrmacht's ordnance office directed the Carl F.W. Borgward automotive company of Bremen, Germany to develop a similar vehicle for the purpose of carrying a minimum of 50 kg (110 lb) of explosives. The result was the SdKfz. 302 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug, transl. 'special-purpose vehicle'), called the Leichter Ladungsträger (transl. 'light charge carrier'), or Goliath, which carried 60 kg (130 lb) of explosives. The vehicle was steered remotely via a joystick control box. The control box was connected to the Goliath by a 650-metre (2,130 ft), triple-strand cable attached to the rear of the vehicle. The cable was used both for control and for transmitting power to the electric driven version. Two of the strands were used to move and steer the Goliath, while the third was used for detonation. Each Goliath was disposable, being intended to be blown up with its target. Early model Goliaths used an electric motor but, as these were costly to make (3,000 Reichsmarks) and difficult to repair in a combat environment, later models (known as the SdKfz. 303) used a simpler, more reliable petrol engine.

The interior of a Goliath, SdKfz. 303, showing the petrol engine, control cable reels and the space for the warhead. U.S. Department of Ordnance - Catalog of Enemy Ordnance Manual Vol. 1 - 1945

German soldiers with a Goliath and its remote control, Russia (April 1944)

Goliath Sd.kfz 303
An SdKfz. 303, the petrol powered version of the Goliath
Type	Demolition vehicle
Place of origin	Germany
Service history
In service	1943–1945
Used by	Nazi Germany,
Production history
Designed	1942
Manufacturer	Zündapp and Zachertz
Produced	1943–1945
No. built	4,929, both the model a and model b
Specifications
Mass	430 kg (950 lb)
Length	1.69 m (5.5 ft)
Width	0.91 m (3.0 ft)
Height	0.62 m (2.0 ft)
Crew	One controller with remote.
Armor	10 mm (0.39 in)
Main armament	100 kg (220 lb) explosive charge
Engine	Zündapp SZ7 / 2-cylinder 12.5 hp (9.3 kW)
Operational range	12 km (7.5 mi) on-road; 7 km (4.3 mi) off-road.

Goliaths were used on all fronts where the Wehrmacht fought, beginning in early 1942. They were used principally by specialized Panzer and combat engineer units. Goliaths were used at Anzio in Italy in April 1944, and against the Polish resistance during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. A few Goliaths were also seen on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day, though most were rendered inoperative due to artillery blasts severing their command cables. Allied troops also encountered a small number of Goliaths in the Maritime Alps following the landings in southern France in August 1944, with at least one being used successfully against a vehicle of the 509th Parachute Infantry Battalion.

Although a total of 7,564 Goliaths were produced, the single-use weapon was not considered a success due to high unit cost, low speed (just above 6 kilometres per hour (3.7 mph)), poor ground clearance (just 11.4 cm (4.5 in)), the vulnerable control cable, and thin armour which could not protect the vehicle from small-arms fire. The Goliath was also too big and heavy to be easily man-portable.[6] Mostly, they failed to reach their target although the effect was considerable when they did.[6]

Large numbers of Goliaths were captured by the Allies. Although they were examined with interest by Allied intelligence, they were seen as having little military value. Some were used by the United States Army Air Force as aircraft tugs, although they quickly broke down as the disposable vehicles were not designed for sustained use.[6]

The Goliath did help lay the foundation for post-war advances in remote-controlled vehicle technologies.

During 1944, Romania designed and built its own model of remote-controlled tracked mine, known as "Romanian Goliath", due to lack of information about its actual name. However, it was markedly different from its German counterpart. The few surviving photos show that the vehicle had no armour, and it is not known if that was ever changed. It did have some logistical improvements, however, as the Romanian-designed chassis allowed it to cross trenches and craters much better than its German counterparts. Little is known about the vehicle, aside from that it never went beyond the prototype stage and that it weighed about two tonnes.[7]

A Goliath 303 displayed at the Bovington Tank Museum

Surviving Goliaths are preserved at:

• The Museum of World War II, Massachusetts, USA
• The Museum Stammheim, Germany
• the Deutsches Panzermuseum, Germany
• the Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden, Germany
• The Tøjhus Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark
• Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna, Austria
• the Musée du Débarquement Utah Beach, Normandy, France
• Musée des Blindés, Saumur, France
• Musee No. 4 Commando, Ouistreham, Normandy, France
• the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
• Fort Garry Horse Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
• United States Army Ordnance Museum
• Karl Smith collection, USA
• the Imperial War Museum, Duxford, UK
• The Tank Museum, Bovington Camp, UK
• The REME Museum, UK
• Dutch Cavalry Museum, Netherlands
• War Museum Overloon, Netherlands
• Het Nederlands kustverdedigingsmuseum: Fort aan den Hoek van Holland
• Het Memory Oorlogs- en Vredesmuseum Nijverdal, Netherlands
• Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History, Belgium
• December 44 Museum, La Gleize, Belgium
• the Kubinka Tank Museum, Russia
• Arsenał in Wrocław, Poland
• Polish Army Museum, Poland
• Warsaw Uprising Museum, Poland
• Muzeum dopravy (transportation museum), Bratislava, Slovakia.
• Swedish Army Museum, Stockholm, Sweden
• Friends' Association of the Scientific Collection of Defence Engineering Specimens Koblenz (VFF WTS), Koblenz, Germany[8]
• The Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum, Everett, Washington, USA

• Borgward IV
• Mobile Land Mine, equivalent British World War 2 vehicle; fifty built.
• Springer (tank)
• Teletank, a series of Soviet remote controlled tanks
• Unmanned ground vehicle

Citations

Bibliography

• Chamberlain, Peter, and Hilary Doyle (1999). Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two, 2nd ed. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN 1-85409-214-6.
• H. R. Everett; Michael Toscano (6 November 2015). Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02922-3.
• Gassend Jean-Loup (2014). Autopsy of a Battle, the Allied Liberation of the French Riviera, August September 1944. Atglen PA: Schiffer Publications.
• Jaugitz, Markus (2001). Funklenkpanzer: A History of German Army Remote-and Radio-Controlled Armor Units, trans. David Johnston. Winnipeg, Manitoba: J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-921991-58-4.
• Jentz, Thomas L. Panzer Tracts, No. 14: Gepanzerte Pionier-Fahrzeuge (Armored Combat Engineer Vehicles, Goliath to Raeumer). S. Darlington, Maryland: Darlington Productions. ISBN 1-892848-00-7
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1957). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II vol. 11. Boston, Mass.: Atlantic Monthly Press.

• Media related to Borgward "Goliath" at Wikimedia Commons
• Dutch Cavalry Museum has a Goliath-tank in its collection.
• Goliath in Kubinka tank museum
• Relicnews.com has some additional pictures and info that may be of interest. Copyright of the pictures cannot be confirmed so they are linked rather than lifted.
• Leichte Ladungsträger Goliath Sd.Kfz.302 (E-Motor)
• Leichte Ladungsträger Goliath Sd.Kfz.303a / Sd.Kfz.303b (V-Motor)