Hair plate

Hair plates are a type of mechanoreceptor found in insects. Hair plates are tightly packed groups of sensory hairs that sense movements of one body segment relative to an adjoining segment. Hair plates are considered external proprioceptors.[1]

Schematic cross-section of a hair plate. Hair plates are often positioned next to folds within the cuticle, so that the deflection of the hairs signals the movements of one joint segment relative to the adjoining segment.

Structure

Hair plates typically consist of several dozen individual sensory hairs. Each hair is innervated by a single sensory neuron[1] (see schematic cross-section).

Hair plates are often positioned next to folds within the cuticle, so that hairs are deflected during joint movement.[2] Hair plates are located on different body parts, including the legs,[3][4][5][6][7] the neck,[8][9] and the antennae.[10][11]

Function

Hair plates function as proprioceptors.[1] The sensory neurons innervating the hair plate may respond phasically to hair movements (rapidly adapting) or tonically to maintained deflections (slowly adapting).[7][12] Thus, hair plates can encode the position and movement of an adjoining body segment. Hair plate neurons project to the insect central nervous system, where they form synapses with multiple postsynaptic partners. They can provide direct excitatory and indirect inhibitory input to motor neurons[6] as well as presynaptic inhibition to other proprioceptors.[13]

Hair plates located at the leg joints provide sensory feedback for the control of walking.[3][4][14][15][16][17][18] In stick insects and cockroaches, the surgical removal of a hair plate on the proximal leg causes the leg to overstep and collide with the leg in front, indicating that proprioceptive signals from the hair plate limit the forward movement of the leg.[3][14] This “limit detector” function is similar to that of mammalian joint receptors.[19]

Lateral view of a cockroach antenna, showing the hair plates at the base.

Hair plates located on the neck (known as the prosternal organ) monitor head position relative to the thorax and provide sensory feedback for the control of head posture.[8][9] In the blowfly Calliphora, surgical removal of the prosternal organ hairs on one side causes the fly to compensate by rolling the head toward the operated side.[8]

Hair plates located on the proximal segments of the antenna (see schematic) provide sensory feedback for the control of antennal movement[11] and are thought to play an important role in active sensing, object localization, and targeted reaching movements.[10][20]

See also

References
  1. Tuthill; Wilson (2016). "Mechanosensation and Adaptive Motor Control in Insects". Current Biology. 26 (20): R1022–R1038. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.070. PMC 5120761. PMID 27780045.
  2. Pringle, J. W. S. (1938-10-01). "Proprioception In Insects: III. The Function Of The Hair Sensilla At The Joints". Journal of Experimental Biology. 15 (4): 467–473. ISSN 0022-0949.
  3. Wendler, Gernot (1964-03-01). "Laufen und Stehen der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus: Sinnesborstenfelder in den Beingelenken als Glieder von Regelkreisen". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie (in German). 48 (2): 198–250. doi:10.1007/BF00297860. ISSN 1432-1351. S2CID 37588295.
  4. Markl, Hubert (1962-09-01). "Borstenfelder an den Gelenken als Schweresinnesorgane bei Ameisen und anderen Hymenopteren". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie (in German). 45 (5): 475–569. doi:10.1007/BF00342998. ISSN 1432-1351. S2CID 38336445.
  5. Murphey, R. K.; Possidente, Debra; Pollack, Gerald; Merritt, D. J. (1989). "Modality-specific axonal projections in the CNS of the flies Phormia and Drosophila". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 290 (2): 185–200. doi:10.1002/cne.902900203. ISSN 1096-9861. PMID 2512333. S2CID 6726012.
  6. Pearson; Wong; Fourtner (1976). "Connexions between hair-plate afferents and motorneurones in the cockroach leg". J Exp Biol. 64 (1): 251–266. PMID 5571.
  7. Newland; Watkins; Emptage; Nagayama (1976). "The structure, response properties, and development of a hair plate on the mesothoracic leg of the locust". J Exp Biol. 64: 233–249.
  8. Preuss; Hengstenberg (1992). "Structure and kinematics of the prosternal organs and their influence on head position in the blowfly Calliphora erythocephala". J Comp Physiology. 171: 483–493. doi:10.1007/BF00194581. S2CID 13379331.
  9. Paulk; Gilbert (2006). "Proprioceptive encoding of head position in the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens". J Exp Biol. 209 (Pt 19): 3913–3924. doi:10.1242/jeb.02438. PMID 16985207.
  10. Okada; Toh (2000). "The role of antennal hair plates in object-guided tactile orientation of the cockroach". 186: 849–857. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. Krause, André F.; Winkler, Andrea; Dürr, Volker (January 2013). "Central drive and proprioceptive control of antennal movements in the walking stick insect". Journal of Physiology, Paris. 107 (1–2): 116–129. doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2012.06.001. ISSN 1769-7115. PMID 22728470. S2CID 11851224.
  12. French; Wong (1976). "The responses of trochanteral hair plate sensilla in the cockroach to periodic and random displacements". Biol. Cyber. 22: 33–38. doi:10.1007/BF00340230. S2CID 9672599.
  13. Stein; Schmitz (1999). "Multimodal convergence of presynaptic afferent inhibition in insect proprioceptors". Neurophysiology. 82 (1): 512–514. doi:10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.512. PMID 10400981.
  14. Wong; Pearson (1976). "Properties of the trochanteral hair plate and its function in the control of walking in the cockroach". J Exp Biol. 64 (1): 233–249. PMID 1270992.
  15. Bässler, U. (1977-06-01). "Sensory control of leg movement in the stick insect Carausius morosus". Biological Cybernetics. 25 (2): 61–72. doi:10.1007/BF00337264. ISSN 1432-0770. PMID 836915. S2CID 2634261.
  16. Cruse, H.; Dean, J.; Suilmann, M. (1984-09-01). "The contributions of diverse sense organs to the control of leg movement by a walking insect". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 154 (5): 695–705. doi:10.1007/BF01350223. ISSN 1432-1351. S2CID 2519441.
  17. Schmitz, J. (1986-10-01). "The depressor trochanteris motoneurones and their role in the coxo-trochanteral feedback loop in the stick insect Carausius morosus". Biological Cybernetics. 55 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1007/BF00363975. ISSN 1432-0770. S2CID 23692174.
  18. Theunissen, Leslie M.; Vikram, Subhashree; Dürr, Volker (2014-09-15). "Spatial co-ordination of foot contacts in unrestrained climbing insects". Journal of Experimental Biology. 217 (18): 3242–3253. doi:10.1242/jeb.108167. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 25013102.
  19. Tuthill, John C.; Azim, Eiman (5 March 2018). "Proprioception". Current Biology. 28 (5): R194–R203. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.064. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 29510103.
  20. Schütz, Christoph; Dürr, Volker (2011-11-12). "Active tactile exploration for adaptive locomotion in the stick insect". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 366 (1581): 2996–3005. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0126. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3172591. PMID 21969681.
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