Haplogroup R2

Haplogroup R2
Possible time of origin	27,000 BP[1]
Possible place of origin	South Asia or Central Asia[1]
Ancestor	Haplogroup R
Descendants	R2a (M124);; R2b (FGC21706)
Defining mutations	M479

Haplogroup R2, or R-M479, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker M479. It is one of two primary descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207), the other being R1 (R-M173).

R-M479 has been concentrated geographically in South Asia and Central Asia since prehistory. It appears to reach its highest levels among the Burusho people in North Pakistan.[2] However, it also appears to be present at low levels in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia and Europe.

It has two primary branches: R2a (M124) and R2b (R-FGC21706)

Structure

R (M207/Page37/UTY2)
- R1 (M173/P241/Page29)
- R2 (M479/PF6107, L266/PF6108, L722, L726)
  - R2a (M124, F820/Page4, L381, P249)
    - R2a1 (L263)
    - R2a2 (P267/PF6109)
  - R2b (FGC21706, FGC50198, FGC50325, FGC50333, SK2163, SK2164, SK2165, SK2166)
    - R2b1 (FGC50339)

Source: ISOGG 2017.[1]

Geographical distribution

Most research has tested only for the presence of R-M479 (R2) and R-M124 (R2a) – or SNPs downstream from M124 like P249, P267, L266, PAGES00004, and L381 SNPs). Because the other primary branch, R2b (R-FGC21706) was discovered later than R2a, it has often not been tested for. Hence most results are best described as R2(xR2a).

In addition, relatively little research has been done within South Asia, which is known to have the greatest concentration of R2. (Hence the figures cited in the table right may not be indicative of true frequencies, i.e. Pakistan is the only South Asian country that has been included.)

In 2013, R2(xR2a) was found in 5 out of 19 males from the Burusho minority of North Pakistan.[2]

R2a (R-M124)

Haplogroup R2a (R-M124) is characterized by SNPs M124, F820/Page4, L381, P249,[1] and is mainly found in South Asia, with lower frequencies in Central Asia and the Caucasus. R-M124 is also found in multiple Jewish populations: Iraqi Jews, Persian Jews, Mountain Jews, and Ashkenazi Jews.[3]

Phylogenetic tree

M479

	R2*

M124	R2a

FGC21706	R2b

Description of the SNP M479

Common Name Marker	M479
YCC Haplogroup	R-M479
Nucleotide change	C to T
Amplicon size (bp) reference sequence	323
Polymorphism position from 5' end	107
Restriction enzyme variant	HphI
RefSNP ID	-
Y-position	19294055
Primer forward 5'-3'	gatactttatcaggcttacttc
Primer reverse 5'-3'	aaccaaatctctcagaatcg

Notes

ISOGG, 2017, Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades – 2017 (17 June 2017).
Julie Di Cristofaro , Erwan Pennarun , Stéphane Mazières, Natalie M. Myres, Alice A. Lin, Shah Aga Temori, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Michael Witzel, Roy J. King, Peter A. Underhill, Richard Villems & Jacques Chiaroni , 2013, “Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge”, ‘’PLoS One’’ (October 18). (17 June 2017.)
Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, Third Edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, p. 185.

External links

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[isogg2017-1] ISOGG, 2017, Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades – 2017 (17 June 2017).

[Cristofaro-2] Julie Di Cristofaro , Erwan Pennarun , Stéphane Mazières, Natalie M. Myres, Alice A. Lin, Shah Aga Temori, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Michael Witzel, Roy J. King, Peter A. Underhill, Richard Villems & Jacques Chiaroni , 2013, “Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge”, ‘’PLoS One’’ (October 18). (17 June 2017.)

[Brook-3] Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, Third Edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, p. 185.

[vanOven2014-4] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

[ISOGG2015-5] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-6] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-7] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-8] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-9] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-10] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-11] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-12] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-13] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-14] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-15] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-16] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-17] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)