Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin

Upon his ascension to the throne, he inherited a much smaller kingdom than when his father was sultan. He faced a challenge from the British North Borneo Company and the Brooke government in Sarawak who wanted more lands from Brunei and it was not strong enough to stop them from taking control of these lands. Therefore, although he was aware of Sultan Abdul Momin’s Amanat, he still had to sign an agreement to cede Punang Terusan to Sarawak. Towards the end of his life, Sultan Hashim was 'unwilling to trust any of his chiefs' and depended 'almost exclusively ' upon the help of Edmund Roberts, Manager of the Brunei cutch works and as Director of Public Works in Brunei and Labuan.[1]

During his reign, two important agreements were made between Brunei and Britain. The Treaty of Protection of 1888 made Brunei a British Protectorate. And another agreement was Supplementary Agreement of 1905/1906. The agreement effectively made Malcolm McArthur, 'savior of Brunei', as the first Brunei Resident.

Sultan Abdul Hamid 2

Limbang, which today become part of Sarawak, was originally part of Brunei until the reign of Sultan Hashim. However, it was after the signing of the Treaty of Protection of 1888 did Brunei loss Limbang. This treaty eventually did not save Brunei from any foreign intervention because the British did not stop Charles Brooke from seizing Limbang in 1890. In 1901 and 1902, Brooke and Hewett asked him to cede Belait and Tutong to them but he refused and said, "What would happen to me, my chiefs and my descendants? I should be left like a tree, stripped of branches and twigs."

He felt that the British were not really protecting Brunei. He sought help from Sultan Abdul Hamid of Ottoman Turkey. The British discovered this and decided to send Malcolm McArthur to solve the problems in Brunei. Therefore, the Supplementary Agreement of 1905/1906 was signed. Under this treaty, Brunei accepted a British Resident to advise the Sultan on both external and internal affairs except those relating to Islam and Malay customs.

After Brunei signed the Supplementary Agreement of 1905/1906, which made the sultanate a British shade, it was deemed of interest that they should have their own national flag like other countries. Design proposals were made and eventually agreed upon that the design of the flag would be based on the yellow and the irregular colors of white and black. All of these colors have their own symbolic meanings, yellow being the symbol for the Sultan, white being the symbol for the Pengiran Bendahara, and black being the symbol for the Pengiran Pemancha. In 1906, the Brunei flag at that time had no banners.

In 1903, his eldest son and chosen heir, Pengiran Muda Besar Omar Ali Saifuddin, died in an outbreak of cholera, as did his second son, Pengiran Muda Tengah. Mourning their deaths, his health deteriorated further.

The expansion of Sarawak Rajahnate with the concession of Lawas District in 1905.

He died on 10 May 1906. He was buried at the Royal Mausoleum in Bandar Brunei, alongside his father, Omar Ali Saifuddin II. He was succeeded by his surviving son, Pengiran Muda Bongsu Muhammad Jamalul Alam.