Haworthia

Haworthias are small succulent plants, forming rosettes of leaves from 3 cm (1.2 in) to exceptionally 30 cm (12 in) in diameter, depending on the species. These rosettes are usually stemless but in some species stems reach up to 50 cm (20 in). The inflorescences of some species may exceed 40 cm (16 in) in height. The plants can grow solitary or can be clump-forming. Many species have firm, tough, fleshy leaves, usually dark green in colour, whereas others are softer and contain leaf windows with translucent panels through which sunlight can reach internal photosynthetic tissues. Their flowers are small, and generally white. Though they are very similar between species, flowers from the species in section Hexangulares generally have green striations and those from other species often have brown lines in the flowers. However, their leaves show wide variations even within one species. Additionally, when the plants are stressed (e.g. deprived of water), their colours can change to reds and purples. Depriving them of nitrogen generally results in paler leaves.[2]

Most species are endemic to South Africa, with the greatest species diversity occurring in the south-western Cape. Some species do however extend into neighbouring territories, in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), southern Namibia and southern Mozambique (Maputaland).

Haworthia is a genus within the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae. The genus is named after the botanist Adrian Hardy Haworth. B. Bayer recognised approximately 60 species in a review of the genus in 2012, whereas other taxonomists are very much less conservative. Related genera are Aloe, Gasteria and Astroloba and intergeneric hybrids are known. [3][4]

Many species of Haworthia have been moved to Haworthiopsis and Tulista, in particular since the last update of The Plant List (2013), which contains about 150 accepted species of Haworthia. The actual number and identification of the species is not well established; many species are listed as "unresolved" for lack of sufficient information, and the full list reflects the difficulties of Haworthia taxonomy, including many varieties and synonyms.[7] The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families has been updated to exclude the species now in Haworthiopsis and Tulista. The species it accepts as of February 2018 are listed below,[8] excluding Haworthia kingiana and Haworthia minor, placed in Tulista by other sources.[9]

A selection of Haworthia plants in cultivation

There is widespread special collector interest, and some species such as Haworthia cymbiformis are fairly common house and garden plants.

Almost all Haworthia species are naturally adapted for semi-shade conditions (in habitat they tend to grow under bushes or rock overhangs) and they are therefore healthiest in shade or semi-shade. Some species like Haworthia pumila and Haworthia truncata can be adapted to tolerate full-sun however.

All Haworthia species favour extremely well-drained soil (in habitat they tend to grow in poor sands, in rocky areas). Watering depends on the species (winter or summer rainfall) but most of the common species are tolerant of a variety of watering routines. Over-watering can cause the roots to rot.[10] Rarer species may have more specific requirements.[11] All haworthias are sensitive to frost, and they are rated as winter hardy to USDA zone 10.[12]

Haworthia species reproduce both through seed and through budding, or offsets. Certain species or clones may be more successful or rapid in offset production, and these pups are easily removed to yield new plants once a substantial root system has developed on the offshoot. Less reliably, the plants may also be propagated through leaf cuttings, and in some instances, through tissue culture.

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  Haworthia arachnoidea has numerous dark-green leaves, which have no translucent tips and bear a dense hairy web of spines.
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  Haworthia nortieri, from the far north-west of the Western Cape, has opaque leaves, covered in oval, pellucid spots.
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  Haworthia maculata, showing distinctive red-purple, spotted, normally turgid leaves, with tiny bristles on margins & keels.
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  The highly proliferous Haworthia reticulata bears tiny teeth and a reticulated pattern on its leaves.
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  Haworthia herbacea, showing distinctive yellow-green ("herbacea") colour, and spined margins & keels.
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  Haworthia pubescens co-occurs with H.herbacea but is very finely "pubescent" (covered in velvety fur)
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  Haworthia floribunda has relatively few dark, slender, twisted leaves with rounded ends.
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  Haworthia chloracantha forms clumps with slender, curved, yellow-green leaves
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  Haworthia variegata has thin, straight, erect leaves, with variegated spined margins.
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  Haworthia maraisii is a tiny, dark-coloured haworthia, with bristled, retused leaves.
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  Haworthia parksiana, the smallest Haworthia species.
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  Haworthia mirabilis has sharp-pointed, translucent leaf faces with marginal spines
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  Haworthia mirabilis var. badia has reddish-brown, attenuate leaves
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  Haworthia heidelbergensis possibly a form of H. mirabilis, with long, thin, bristle-tipped leaves, that are more outward spreading.
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  Haworthia magnifica is sometimes considered to be a form of H. mirabilis. It is distinguished by its flowers, but usually has dark, lined, triangular, scabrid leaf-faces.
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  Haworthia magnifica var. splendens is a particularly ornate variety with flecked leaves, prized by horticulturalists as "Haworthia splendens".
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  Haworthia magnifica var. acuminata has a lighter colour and more pointed, "acuminate" leaves
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  Haworthia magnifica var. atrofusca is a very dark, reddish-brown, rough-surfaced variety
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  Haworthia turgida is a compact, clumping, retuse haworthia, with swollen, "turgid", light-green leaves
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  Haworthia mutica has one or two lines and a pale, cloudy, mat surface on its compact, slightly rounded ("mutica") leaves
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  Haworthia retusa has a recognisable shiny leaf-face on its retuse leaves, and a light green colour
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  Haworthia pygmaea has flat, rough, scabrous or papillate leaf surfaces
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  "agenteo-maculosa" is a smoother variety of Haworthia pygmaea with silver spots ("argenteo maculosa")
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  Haworthia emelyae has compact, bulging leaves which are often pink-flecked.
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  Haworthia bayeri has dark leaves with slightly rounded leaf tips.
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  Haworthia emelyae var. comptoniana is a large, lighter coloured form, with a clear reticulated pattern on the broad leaf faces
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  Haworthia springbokvlakensis has round, bulging, translucent leaf faces
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  Haworthia truncata ("Horse's teeth")
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  Haworthia wittebergensis showing its distinctive thin bristle-like leaves
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  Haworthia semiviva drys its leaves into a papery sheath in the heat of summer.
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  Haworthia lockwoodii drys its leaves into a papery sheath in the heat of summer.
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  Haworthia marumiana var. redii
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  Haworthia mucronata has translucent margins and keels on its soft, pointed ("mucronate") leaves.
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  Haworthia decipiens has light green, wide, flat, semi-translucent leaves, that have prodigious bristles on the margins (less so on the bottom leaf faces)
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  Haworthia cooperi (showing translucent "window" panels at the tips of its leaves)
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  An extreme rounded form of Haworthia cooperi
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  Haworthia cymbiformis has light green, even-coloured, boat-shaped leaves ("cymbiformis" = "boat shaped")
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  Haworthia blackburneae is a thin, grass-like species

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haworthia.

• Haworthia (Ingo Breuer)
• Haworthia (Jakub Jilemicky)
• Asphodelaceae Anonymous (Lawrence Loucka)
• Haworthia Society
• Haworthia Updates (M.B.Bayer)