Heracleum (plant)
Heracleum is a genus of biennial and perennial herbs in the carrot family Apiaceae. They are found throughout the temperate northern hemisphere and in high mountains as far south as Ethiopia. Common names for the genus or its species include hogweed[1] and cow parsnip.[2][3]
| Heracleum | |
|---|---|
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| Heracleum sphondylium | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Heracleum L. |
The genus name Heracleum was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[3] It derives from the Ancient Greek Ἡράκλειος (Hērákleios) "of Heracles", referring to the mythological hero.
Species
Many species of the genus Heracleum are similar in appearance.[4] An outlier is H. mantegazzianum, the large size of which is exceptional. Common species include:
- Heracleum mantegazzianum, giant hogweed, native to the western Caucasus region of Eurasia, a serious invasive species in many areas of Europe and North America
- Heracleum sosnowskyi, Sosnowsky's hogweed, a common weed throughout Europe and Asia
- Heracleum persicum, Persian hogweed, native to Iran, Iraq, and Turkey
- Heracleum sphondylium, common hogweed, native to Europe and Asia
- Heracleum maximum, cow parsnip, native and common in North America
As of July 2019, Plants of the World Online accepts the following 148 species:
- Heracleum abyssinicum (Boiss.) C.Norman
- Heracleum aconitifolium Woronow
- Heracleum acuminatum Schleich.
- Heracleum aestivum Jord.
- Heracleum akasimontanum Koidz.
- Heracleum amanum Boiss. & Kotschy
- Heracleum amplifolium Lapeyr.
- Heracleum amplissimum Wender.
- Heracleum angustatum Boreau
- Heracleum anisactis Boiss. & Hohen.
- Heracleum antasiaticum Manden.
- Heracleum apiifolium Boiss.
- Heracleum arcticum Rupr.
- Heracleum asperum (Hoffm.) M.Bieb.
- Heracleum atlanticum Coss. ex Batt.
- Heracleum australe (Hartm.) Stankov
- Heracleum austriacum L.
- Heracleum bailletianum Timb.-Lagr. & Marcais
- Heracleum benearnense Rouy & E.G.Camus
- Heracleum bhutanicum M.F.Watson
- Heracleum bifarium Fisch. ex Rchb.
- Heracleum bipinnatum Guss. ex DC.
- Heracleum biternatum W.W.Sm.
- Heracleum branca Steud.
- Heracleum branca-ursina All.
- Heracleum brignoliifolia Franch.
- Heracleum canariense Choisy ex DC.
- Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.
- Heracleum candolleanum Gamble
- Heracleum carmeli Wender.
- Heracleum carneiflorum Gand.
- Heracleum caspicum DC.
- Heracleum caucasicum Steven
- Heracleum ceretanum Sennen
- Heracleum chorodanum (Hoffm.) DC.
- Heracleum cinereum Lindl.
- Heracleum circassicum Manden.
- Heracleum coreanum H.Boissieu
- Heracleum crantzii Thell.
- Heracleum crenatifolium Boiss.
- Heracleum cuneiforme DC.
- Heracleum dalgadianum S.M.Almeida
- Heracleum decipiens Fisch. ex Hoffm.
- Heracleum delphinense Jord.
- Heracleum dissectifolium K.T.Fu
- Heracleum dissectum Ledeb.
- Heracleum dubium Ten.
- Heracleum egrissicum Gagnidze
- Heracleum elgonense (H.Wolff) Bullock
- Heracleum fargesii H.Boissieu
- Heracleum fastuosum Salisb.
- Heracleum flavescens Baumg.
- Heracleum forrestii H.Wolff
- Heracleum franchetii M.Hiroe
- Heracleum freynianum Sommier & Levier
- Heracleum glaberrimum (Beck) Dalla Torre
- Heracleum gorganicum Rech.f.
- Heracleum grandiflorum Steven ex M.Bieb.
- Heracleum grossheimii Manden.
- Heracleum hemsleyanum Diels
- Heracleum henryi H.Wolff
- Heracleum humile Sm.
- Heracleum hypoleucum Vis.
- Heracleum idae Kulieva
- Heracleum insigne Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
- Heracleum intermedium Gaudin
- Heracleum isopetalum Maxim.
- Heracleum jacquemontii C.B.Clarke
- Heracleum jugatum Boiss.
- Heracleum kansuense Diels
- Heracleum kingdonii H.Wolff
- Heracleum laciniatum Hornem.
- Heracleum lecoquii Martrin-Donos
- Heracleum lehmannianum Bunge
- Heracleum leichtlinii J.N.Haage & E.Schmidt
- Heracleum leskovii Grossh.
- Heracleum ligusticifolium M.Bieb.
- Heracleum likiangense H.Wolff
- Heracleum macranthum Borbás
- Heracleum mandenovae Satzyp.
- Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier
- Heracleum marginatum Fisch. ex Hoffm.
- Heracleum maximum W.Bartram
- Heracleum moellendorffii Hance
- Heracleum multibracteatum Rech.f.
- Heracleum nanum Satzyp.
- Heracleum nyalamense R.H.Shan & T.S.Wang
- Heracleum oncosepalum (Hand.-Mazz.) Pimenov & Kljuykov
- Heracleum oreocharis H.Wolff
- Heracleum orphanidis Boiss.
- Heracleum ossethicum Manden.
- Heracleum paphlagonicum Czeczott
- Heracleum pastinaca Fenzl
- Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.
- Heracleum peshmeniana Ekim
- Heracleum pinnatum C.B.Clarke
- Heracleum platytaenium Boiss.
- Heracleum polyadenum Rech.f.
- Heracleum ponticum (Lipsky) Schischk. ex Grossh.
- Heracleum pratense Jord. ex F.W.Schultz
- Heracleum protheiforme Crantz
- Heracleum pubescens (Hoffm.) M.Bieb.
- Heracleum pulchellum Pall. ex Ledeb.
- Heracleum pulchrum Zumagl.
- Heracleum pumilum Vill.
- Heracleum pusillum Pall. ex Ledeb.
- Heracleum rapula Franch.
- Heracleum rawianum C.C.Towns.
- Heracleum rechingeri Manden.
- Heracleum redolens Jord.
- Heracleum × rodnense Nyár. & Todor
- Heracleum roseum Steven
- Heracleum scabridum Franch.
- Heracleum scabrum Albov
- Heracleum schansianum Fedde ex H.Wolff
- Heracleum sommieri Manden.
- Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.
- Heracleum souliei H.Boissieu
- Heracleum sphondylium L.
- Heracleum stenophyllum Jord.
- Heracleum stenopteroides Fedde ex H.Wolff
- Heracleum stenopterum Diels
- Heracleum stevenii Manden.
- Heracleum stiriacum Hayek
- Heracleum strelkovii Grossh.
- Heracleum subglabrum Kitam.
- Heracleum subtomentellum C.Y.Wu & M.L.Sheh
- Heracleum subvillosum Steven
- Heracleum suecicum Fr.
- Heracleum sumatranum Buwalda ex Steenis
- Heracleum tauricum Steven ex Rchb.
- Heracleum taylorii C.Norman
- Heracleum tenuevittatum Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
- Heracleum testiculatum Lapeyr.
- Heracleum tiliifolium H.Wolff
- Heracleum tuberosum Molina ex Willd.
- Heracleum umbellatum Gueldenst.
- Heracleum umbonatum Boiss.
- Heracleum verticillatum Pancic ex Boiss.
- Heracleum vicinum H.Boissieu
- Heracleum villosum (Hoffm.) Fisch. ex Spreng.
- Heracleum viscosum Fisch. ex Spreng.
- Heracleum wenchuanense F.T.Pu & X.J.He
- Heracleum wilhelmsii Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
- Heracleum wolongense F.T.Pu & X.J.He
- Heracleum woodii M.F.Watson
- Heracleum xiaojinense F.T.Pu & X.J.He
- Heracleum yoshii Kitam.
- Heracleum yungningense Hand.-Mazz.
Giant hogweed, Heracleum mantegazzianum
Sosnowsky's hogweed, Heracleum sosnowskyi
Cow parsnip, Heracleum maximum
Common hogweed, Heracleum sphondylium
Heracleum austriacum
Classification and naming
Other than size, the related species H. mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, and H. persicum have very similar characteristics. The common name giant hogweed usually refers to H. mantegazzianum alone but in some locales that common name refers to all three species as a group.[5][4] Both H. maximum and H. sphondylium are often referred to as cow parsnip. To avoid confusion, these species are sometimes referred to as American cow parsnip and European cow parsnip, respectively.[6][7]
The morphological similarity of species within the genus Heracleum and the difficulty of botanical identification has led to numerous synonyms and naming issues. For example, the classification of the species now widely known as H. maximum has been inconsistent. In the literature, the scientific names H. lanatum, H. maximum, and others are used interchangeably. Prior to 2000, the former name was most popular, but today the latter name is in vogue.
Phototoxic effects
Most species of the genus Heracleum are known to cause phytophotodermatitis.[8] In particular, the public health risks of giant hogweed (H. mantegazzianum) are well known.[9][10][11]
At least 36 species of the genus Heracleum have been reported to contain furanocoumarin,[12] a chemical compound that sensitizes human skin to sunlight. Of those, at least 25 species contained a psoralen derivative, either bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) or methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen). Three of those species (H. mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, and H. sphondylium) were found to contain both psoralen derivatives.
References
- hogweed at Oxford Online Dictionaries
- Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-505470-7.
- "Heracleum L." Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 11 Oct 2011.
- MacDonald, Francine; Anderson, Hayley (May 2012). "Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Best Management Practices in Ontario" (PDF). Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- Booy, Olaf; Cock, Matthew; Eckstein, Lutz; Hansen, Steen Ole; Hattendorf, Jan; Hüls, Jörg; Jahodová, Sárka; Krinke, Lucás; Marovoková, Lanka; Müllerová, Jana; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Nielsen, Charlotte; Otte, Annette; Pergl, Jan; Perglová, Irena; Priekule, Ilze; Pusek, Petr; Ravn, Hans Peter; Thiele, Jan; Trybush, Sviatlana; Wittenberg, Rüdiger (2005). The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe (PDF). Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet. ISBN 87-7903-209-5. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- "Heracleum sphondylium common names". EOL. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
- "German-English Dictionary: cow parsnip". dict.cc. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
- McGovern, Thomas W; Barkley, Theodore M. "Botanical Dermatology". The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology. Internet Dermatology Society. Section Phytophotodermatitis. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
- Gander, Kashmira (June 18, 2018). "Giant Hogweed Warning: Plant That Can Cause Blindness, Burn Skin, Spreads Into New State". Newsweek. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
- Patocka, Jiri; Cupalova, Klara (2017). "Giant Hogweed And Photodermatitis" (PDF). Military Medical Science Letters. 86 (3): 135–138. doi:10.31482/mmsl.2017.021. ISSN 0372-7025.
- Camm, E; Buck, HW; Mitchell, JC (1976). "Phytophotodermatitis from Heracleum mantegazzianum". Contact Dermatitis. 2 (2): 68–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1976.tb02987.x.
- Mitchell, John; Rook, Arthur (1979). Botanical Dermatology: Plants and Plant Products Injurious to the Skin. Vancouver: Greengrass. pp. 692–699.