History of Nokia

Nokia is a Finnish multinational corporation founded on 12 May 1865 as a single paper mill operation. Through the 19th century the company expanded, branching into several different products. In 1967, the Nokia corporation was formed. In the late 20th century, the company took advantage of the increasing popularity of computer and mobile phones. However, increased competition and other market forces caused changes in Nokia's business arrangements. In 2014, Nokia's mobile phone business was sold to Microsoft.

19th century
Fredrik Idestam, co-founder of Nokia
Leo Mechelin, co-founder of Nokia

The name "Nokia" is derived from the town Nokia and the Nokianvirta River. The commercial entities that preceded the modern day Nokia company included Nokia Ab (Nokia company); Suomen Gummitehdas Oy (Finnish Rubber Works Ltd); and Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy (Finnish Cable Works Ltd).[1]

In 1865, the mining engineer, Fredrik Idestam established a ground wood pulp mill on the banks of the Tammerkoski rapids in the town of Tampere, in southwestern Finland. Tampere was then part of the Russian Empire.[1] In 1868, Idestam built a second mill near the town of Nokia. Nokia lies 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of Tampere, by the Nokianvirta river. The river had better hydropower resources than those at Tampere.[2] In 1871, Idestam and Leo Mechelin, a statesman and Idestam's friend, transformed Idestam's enterprises into a public limited company called Nokia Ab.[2]

In the late 1800s, Mechelin wanted to expand the company into the electricity business. However, Idestam refused. In 1896, Idestam retired and Mechelin become the company's chairman. He remained chairman from 1898 to 1914. During this time, Mechelin persuaded shareholders to allow the company to enter the electricity business.[2] In 1902, Nokia commenced electricity generation.[1]

20th century
Main article: Eduard Polón
Portrait of Eduard Polón by Eero Järnefelt.

Eduard Polón (1866 – 1960), was a Finnish business leader.[3] In 1898, Polón founded Suomen Gummitehdas Oy (Finnish Rubber Works) - a manufacturer of galoshes and other rubber products.[1] In the early 1900s, the Finnish Rubber Works established factories near Nokia and used the town's name in the company's branding.[4]

After World War I, the Nokia Company was nearing bankruptcy and was acquired by the Finnish Rubber Works.[5]

In 1932, the Finnish Rubber Works also acquired the Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy (Finnish Cable Works). The cable works had been founded in 1912 by Arvid Wickström. His company produced telephone, telegraph, and electrical cables.[1][6]

In 1963, after 16 years as a technical director, Verner Weckman became the president of the Finnish Cable Works company. Weckman was a wrestler and was Finland's first Olympic Gold medallist.[7] After World War II, Finnish Cable Works supplied cables to the Soviet Union as part of its war reparations. This gave the company a foothold for later trade.[7]

Nokia corporation
A capacitor made by Nokia Capacitors

In 1967, Nokia Corporation was formed through the merger of the three companies.[8] The new company manufactured products including paper items, car and bicycle tires, rubber boots, communications cables, televisions and other consumer electronics, personal computers, generators, robotics,[9] capacitors, Military technology and equipment (such as the SANLA M/90 device and the M61 gas mask for the Finnish Army), plastics, aluminum and chemicals.[10][11]

In 1960, a cable division of the Nokia group had been formed. In 1962, it produced a pulse height analyzer used in nuclear power plants.[11] In 1967, an electronics division within the Nokia corporation was formed. It operated for the next fifteen years, sometimes at a loss. Nokia researchers were encouraged to develop their own projects. This may have contributed to Nokia's focus on mobile phone technologies.[12]

Network equipment

In the 1970s, Nokia produced the Nokia DX 200, a digital switch for telephone exchanges. The DX 200 became the workhorse of the network equipment division. Its architecture allowed it to be further developed into other switching products.[13] For example, in 1984, the development of an exchange for the Nordic Mobile Telephony network was begun.[14] The network equipment division was merged with a Finnish State entity to form "Telefenno". In 1987, the state sold its shares in Telefenno to Nokia and in 1992, the name was changed to Nokia Telecommunications.[15]

In 1998, the Israeli multinational company, Check Point which was founded in 1993, established a partnership with Nokia. Check Point's software was bundled with Nokia's network security tools.[16]

Mobile radio telephony

Prior to cellular mobile telephony, there was mobile radio telephony. In the 1960s, Nokia had started producing commercial and military mobile radio telephones. From 1964, Nokia had developed VHF radios in collaboration with Salora Oy. From 1966, Nokia and Salora had developed ARPs (Autoradiopuhelin or radio car phones). In 1971, this technology became the first commercially available mobile phone network in Finland and in 1978, it offered 100 percent coverage in Finland.[17] In the 1970s and 1980s, Nokia developed the Sanomalaitejärjestelmä (messaging system), a digital, portable and encrypted text-based communications device for the Finnish Defence Forces.[18]

Nokia mobile telephone (1G)
The Mobira Cityman 150, Nokia's NMT-900 mobile phone from 1989 (left), compared to the Nokia 1100, a GSM phone from 2003.[19][20]

In 1979, Nokia and Salora established a joint venture, "Mobira Oy".[21] Mobira developed mobile phones for the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) network, called the "1G" and was the first fully automatic cellular phone system. It became commercially available in 1981.[22] In 1982, Mobira introduced its first car phone, the "Mobira Senator" for NMT – 450 networks.[22]

In 1984, Nokia purchased Salora. Nokia's telecommunications division was renamed "Nokia-Mobira Oy". In the same year, the "Mobira Talkman", an early portable phone was launched. In 1987, Nokia introduced its first mobile phone, the "Mobira Cityman 900" for NMT– 900 networks. In comparison to the NMT – 450 network, there was a better signal strength but less coverage. While the Mobira Senator of 1982 had weighed 9.8 kg (22 lb) and the Talkman just under 5 kg (11 lb), the Mobira Cityman weighed only 800 g (28 oz) including its battery. The phone, which was considered expensive, became an item indicating a high status.[10]

In 1987, the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was seen using a Mobira Cityman in Helsinki. The phone developed the nickname, the "Gorba".[20] In 1989, Nokia-Mobira Oy was renamed "Nokia Mobile Phones".

Global system for mobile communications (2G)

Nokia contributed to the development of the GSM 2G.[23] It was able to carry data (computing) as well as voice traffic. Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) was an early provider of international roaming. In 1987, GSM 2G became the new European standard for digital mobile technology.[24][25]

In 1989, Nokia delivered its first GSM network to the Finnish operator Radiolinja.[26] On 1 July 1991, in Helsinki, the first telephone call on the GSM G2 network was made by Harri Holkeri, the Prime Minister of Finland. He used a prototype Nokia GSM phone to make the call.[26] In 1992, the first GSM phone, the Nokia 1011, was made commercially available.[26][27] The model number, "1011" refers to its launch date on 10 November 1992.[27] In 1994, a branding ringtone, the Nokia tune, was included with the Nokia 2100 series.[28]

The GSM 2G network and mobile phones provided improved voice calls, international roaming and support for new services such as text messaging (Short Message Service (SMS)).[26] In 2008, the GSM 2G network had approximately 3 billion users. There were at least 700 mobile phone commercial providers in 218 nations or territories. There were 15 mobile phone connections per second and 1.3 million mobile phone connections per day.[29]

Personal computers
The Nokia Booklet 3G mini laptop.

In the 1980s, Nokia's computer division "Nokia Data" produced a series of personal computers called the "MikroMikko".[30] It was aimed at the business market. MikroMikko 1, was released on 29 September 1981.[31] Its competitor was the IBM personal computer. In 1991, Nokia Data was sold to a British company, International Computers Limited (ICL).[32]

Nokia produced Cathode ray tubes (CRT) and thin film transistor liquid crystal displays (|TFT LCDs) for personal computers and other applications. In 2000, Nokia sold its display products division to ViewSonic.[33] However, in August 2009, Nokia released the Nokia Booklet 3G mini laptop which it continued for a short time.[34] Other abandoned Nokia products include DSL modems and digital set-top boxes.

Telecommunications

In the 1980s under the chief executive officer (CEO) Kari Kairamo, Nokia expanded, mostly through acquisitions. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, Nokia corporation experienced financial difficulties. Losses were made in the television manufacturing division.[35] In 1988, Nokian Tyres became a separate entity.[36] Nokia's paper division was sold in 1989. In 1990, Nokian Footwear was a separate entity.[4] During the rest of the 1990s, Nokia divested itself of all other businesses.[37]

In 1988, Kairamo committed suicide. Following his death, Simo Vuorilehto became Nokia's chairman and CEO. From 1990 to 1993, Finland was in recession.[38] Vuorilehto made major changes to the Nokia corporation. The telecommunications division was stream-lined. The television and personal computing divisions were sold.[39]

In 1992, Jorma Ollila became CEO. He made telecommunications Nokia's sole concern.[37] International sales increased relative to those in Finland.[40][37] By the mid 1990s, Nokia's supply of mobile telephones could not meet demand.[41] Changes to Nokia's supply chain were made.[42] Between 1996 and 2001, Nokia's revenue increased from 6.5 billion euros to 31 billion euros and between 1998 and 2012, Nokia was the world's largest mobile phone manufacturer.[40] Nokia's logistics and economies of scale advantaged the company.[43]

21st century
Reduction in size of Nokia mobile phones. Left to right: Nokia 638 (1996; 19.06 cm height), Nokia 2160 EFR (1996; 16.42 cm), Nokia 5160 (1998; 14.84 cm), Nokia 6070 (2006; 10.5 cm)

In 2000, Nokia launched the Nokia 3310. In 2003, the Nokia 1100 handset was launched.[19] Nokia combined a video game console and a mobile phone in the "N-Gage".[44]

In April 2008, Nokia Productions started a mobile movie-making project. The movie which was presented at the Nokia Theater Los Angeles on 14 October 2008 was directed by Spike Lee. It was approximately 15 minutes long and comprised short segments made on phones contributed by the public. The theme of the movie was "humanity".[45][46]

In 2009, Nokia reentered the personal computing market. Its product, the Nokia Booklet 3G was a Windows-based netbook.[34] The company also entered the smartphone market.[47][48][49] The Series 40 was a phone platform used in feature phones, mainly running Java-based applications.[50]

Nokia acquired Smarterphone, a company making the Smarterphone OS for "low end" phones and merged it with Series 40 to form the Asha Platform, which also used some user interface characteristics from Nokia's MeeGo platform. The Asha 501 used this new operating system.[51] The Series 40 was discontinued in late 2014.

Symbian OS

Until 2011, Symbian was Nokia's main smartphone operating system. The devices using the Symbian operating system included the Nokia 7650, Nokia N-Gage, Nokia N96, Nokia 6600, Nokia 7610, Nokia 6630, Nokia N90, Nokia N95, Nokia N82, Nokia E71, Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, Nokia N97, Nokia X6 and the Nokia N8. The 2012 Nokia 808 PureView had a 41-megapixel camera. It was the last phone using the Symbian platform.[52]

Linux devices

Nokia's first Linux devices were the Nokia Internet tablets and the Nokia N900, which ran the Debian-based Maemo.[53] The Maemo project merged with Intel's Moblin to create MeeGo.[54] The Nokia N9 was released before MeeGo was abandoned in favour of Windows Phone.[55] The final products using Linux were the Nokia X series which had an Android operating system.[56]

Reorganizations

On 5 May 2000, Nokia opened a mobile phone factory in Komárom, Hungary.[57]

In April 2003, difficulties in Nokia's division of network equipment led to restructuring and layoffs.[58] Nokia's public image in Finland was diminished.[59][60] litigation was brought against Nokia and a critical documentary television program was broadcast.[61]

In June 2006, CEO of Nokia Jorma Ollila, resigned and became the chairman of Royal Dutch Shell[62] Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo was the new CEO.[63]

In March 2007, Nokia signed an agreement with Cluj County Council, Romania to open a plant near the city in Jucu commune.[64][65] Moving the production from the Bochum, Germany factory to a low wage country created an uproar in Germany.[66][67]

In 2008, Nokia ceased its mobile phone distribution in Japan.[68] In 2009, Check Point purchased Nokia's network security division.[69]

In February 2012, Nokia announced that 4,000 employees would be dismissed. This was to allow its manufacturing centres to move from Europe and Mexico to Asia.[70] In March 2012, Nokia dismissed 1,000 employees at its Salo, Finland factory.[71] In June 2012, research facilities in Ulm, Germany and Burnaby, Canada closed. By the end of 2013, 10,000 employees had been dismissed.[72] In January 2013, Nokia dismissed 1,000 employees from its internet technology, production and logistics divisions.[73]

Acquisitions
For a more comprehensive list, see List of acquisitions by Nokia.

On 22 September 2003, Nokia acquired "Sega.com", a branch of Sega in order to develop the N-Gage device.[74] On 10 February 2006, Nokia purchased the Intellisync Corporation, a provider of data and Personal information management (PIM) synchronization software.[75][76]

On 19 June 2006, Nokia and Siemens AG announced the merger of their mobile and fixed-line phone network equipment businesses with equal holdings. This created the entity "Nokia Siemens Networks" located in Espoo, Finland.[77] Approximately 20,000 Nokia employees were employed by the new company. On 8 August 2006, Nokia purchased the online music distributor "Loudeye Corporation" for approximately US$60 million.[78][79]

In July 2007, Nokia purchased the media sharing service "Twango".[80][81] In September 2007, Nokia purchased "Enpocket", a supplier of mobile advertising technology and services.[82] On 10 July 2008, Nokia purchased "Navteq", a U.S. based supplier of digital mapping data, for $8.1 billion.[83][84][85]

In September 2008, Nokia purchased "OZ Communications" of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. OZ was a private company with approximately 220 employees.[86]

On 5 August 2009, Nokia purchased some of the assets belonging to "Cellity", a privately owned mobile software company.[87][88] In September 2009, Nokia purchased some of the assets belonging to "Plum Ventures corporation" to complement Nokia's social location services.[89]

In March 2010, Nokia purchased "Novarra", a mobile web browser firm.[90] In April 2010, Nokia acquired MetaCarta, a local search technology firm.[91] In 2012, Nokia purchased "Smarterphone", a feature phone operating system developer, and the imaging company Scalado.[92][93]

Loss of smartphone market share

Apple's iPhone (2007) did not immediately outsell the Nokia smartphones such as the Nokia N95.[94] At the end of the 2007 financial year, Symbian had 62.5 percent of the market share while Microsoft's Windows Mobile had 11.9 percent and BlackBerry (RIM) had 10.9 percent. However, at the end of the 2008 financial year, Nokia's market share had fallen to 40.8 percent.[95] The Nokia N96, the Nokia 5800 XpressMusic and the Nokia E71 did not compete against Apple's iPhone 3G.[96] On 24 June 2008, Nokia bought the Symbian operating system and in 2009 made it open source.[97]

In early 2009, Nokia released several devices such as the Nokia N97, a touchscreen device with a landscape QWERTY slider keyboard that was focused on social networking which received mixed reviews and the Nokia E52 which received positive reviews.[98][99] At the end of the 2008 financial year, Symbian's market share was 52.4 percent and at the same time in 2009, it was 46.1 percent with the loss going to Blackberry, iOS and Android.[100]

In 2010, the commercial pressure on Nokia increased.[101] Original equipment manufacturers such as Samsung Electronics and Sony Ericsson chose to make Android based smartphones, not Symbian based smartphones.[102] Nokia developed "Symbian^3" to replace the S60 platform but it never became popular.[103] At the end of the 2010 financial year, Symbian's market share was 32 percent while Android's was 30 percent. Despite losing market share, Nokia's smartphones were profitable. Sales in 2010 steadily increased quarter by quarter.[104] In the last quarter of 2010, Nokia sold 4 million N8 smartphones.[105]

In February 2010, Nokia and Intel announced "MeeGo". MeeGo was a merger of their Linux based Maemo and Moblin projects. The project aimed to create one mobile operating system suitable for many types of device including tablets and smartphones.[106][107] Nokia planned to use MeeGo on its smartphones. This was only achieved on the Nokia N9 (2011).[108]

In February 2011, Elop wrote to his employees. He said Nokia was on a "burning platform". Elop said the "war of ecosystems" (software ecosystem) between iOS and Android was part of Nokia's commercial difficulties.[109]

Partnership with Microsoft
Market share of Symbian, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone 7 among US smartphone owners from Q1 2011 to Q2 2012 according to Nielsen Company.

In February 2011, Stephen Elop and Microsoft's CEO Steve Ballmer formed a business partnership. (Elop had worked at Microsoft.) Nokia adopted Windows Phone as the operating system on its smartphones and accessed the Bing search engine for its devices. The "Here" Nokia maps software was integrated into Microsoft's "Bing" mapping services.[108][109][110][111][112]

In June 2011, Apple was making more smartphones than Nokia and a successful partnership with Microsoft became imperative for Nokia's business.[113][114] In September 2011, Nokia dismissed 3,500 employees and closed its factory in Cluj, Romania.[115]

On 26 October 2011, at the Nokia World conference, the first Nokia Windows Phone 7 based devices were launched. They were the Nokia Lumia 710 and the more expensive Nokia Lumia 800.[116][117]

After the launch, Nokia's share price fell approximately 14 percent[118] and Nokia's smartphone sales rapidly decreased.[119] Between 2011 until 2013, Nokia's sales of smartphones fell from first in the market to tenth.[120] In the second quarter of the 2011 financial year, Nokia made a loss of 368 million Euros.

On 26 January 2012, Nokia reported its sales of the Lumia smartphones was "well above one million",[121][122] two million sales in the first quarter of the 2012 financial year[123] and four million sales in the second quarter of the 2012 financial year.[124] However, in the second quarter of the 2012 financial year, in North America, Nokia sold 600,000 Symbian and Windows phones combined.[125] In the same period, 26 million iPhones and 105 million Android phones were sold.[126]

In August 2012, while announcing an alliance with Groupon, Elop identified Google as a competitor.[127][128]

On 8 February 2012, Nokia dismissed 4,000 employees from smartphone manufacturing plants in Europe. Smartphone assembly was moved closer to component suppliers in Asia.[129] On 14 June 2012, Nokia a further 10,000 dismissals.[130] Production and research sites in Finland, Germany and Canada were closed.[131] On 18 June 2012, Moody's downgraded Nokia's bond rating to junk.[132] On 4 May 2012, a group of Nokia investors filed a class action against the company as a result of disappointing sales.[133] On 22 August 2012, there were calls for Elop's dismissal.[134] In December 2012, Nokia sold its headquarters, Nokia House, for €170 million and then leased the property.[135] In the fourth quarter of the 2012 financial year, Nokia sold 6.6 million smartphones (2.2 million Symbian and 4.4 million Lumia devices).[136]

In May 2013, Nokia released the Asha platform on its inexpensive smartphone devices. The American media company Vox Media speculated Nokia was not fully committed to Windows.[137]

In the same month, Nokia entered a partnership with China Mobile, the Chinese mobile service provider to make the Lumia 920 (Lumia 920T) available in China.[138]

In the second quarter of the 2013 financial year, Nokia recorded an operating loss of €115m. Nokia's revenue fell to €5.7bn. In the same period, sales of the Lumia smartphone exceeded those of BlackBerry's handsets. Nokia's sales results were especially poor in China and the US.[139] In the second quarter of the 2013 financial year, 7.4 million Lumia devices were sold.[140]

Sale of mobile phone business to Microsoft

On 25 April 2014, Nokia sold its mobile phone business to Microsoft for approximately €3.79bn. €1.65bn was paid by Microsoft for a ten-year license to Nokia's patents.[141][142][143][144][145][146] Nokia's mobile phone assets became a part of Microsoft Mobile, based in Finland.[147][148] The purchase was delayed from March 2014 to April 2014 while a taxation dispute in India was resolved.[149][150][151]

Microsoft acquired the Asha, X and Lumia brands, but had only a limited license to the Nokia brand. Microsoft could only use the Nokia brand to promote Asha, X and Lumia products until December 2015, and feature phones for 10 years. Microsoft did not acquire any rights to the Nokia tune but can use it as the default ringtone on Nokia branded devices. Nokia was prohibited from manufacturing any Nokia branded smartphones until December 2015.[152][153][154] Microsoft also took over Nokia's website and social media outlets for a minimum of one year.[147] Microsoft used Nokia branding until October 2014.[155]

Elop became the head of Microsoft's devices division. Risto Siilasmaa became acting CEO of Nokia until the appointment of Rajeev Suri.

Nokia continued Nokia Networks, its infrastructure division and Nokia Technologies, its development and licensing division.[141][142][143][144]

In July 2014, Microsoft dismissed 12,500 former Nokia employees.[156] Microsoft also ended development of Nokia's non-Windows Phone product lines.[157][158]

Sale of licenses

In October 2014, Nokia and China Mobile signed a $970 million framework deal for delivery between 2014 and 2015.[159]

On 17 November 2014, Ramzi Haidamus, head of the Nokia technologies division said the company planned to re-enter the consumer electronics business by licensing in-house hardware designs and technologies to third-party manufacturers.[160] On 18 November 2014, the N1, an Android tablet manufactured by Foxconn was released.[161][162]

Alcatel-Lucent

On 3 November 2016, Nokia purchased the French telecommunications equipment company Alcatel-Lucent for approximately €15.6 billion.[163][164] At completion, Nokia shareholders held 66.5% of the new company and Alcatel-Lucent shareholders held 33.5% of the new company. Alcatel-Lucent's Bell Labs and submarine cables division were maintained in the new company. The Alcatel-Lucent brand was no longer used.[164][165][166] The purchase required approval by China's Ministry of Commerce and French regulators.[167][168] On August 3, 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of three German automakers—BMW, Daimler AG and Volkswagen Group, for €2.8 billion.[169]

Foxconn and HMD Global

On 18 May 2016 Microsoft sold the Nokia-branded featurephone division to FIH Mobile, a division of Foxconn, and HMD, a new company in Finland.[170] Nokia provided its brand and patent licensing to HMD, and took a seat on the board of directors.[171][172] On 8 January 2017, Nokia 6, a mid-range smartphone based on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 430 system-on-chip running Android was launched.[173] The Nokia 5, Nokia 3, Nokia 3310 and Nokia 6 Arte were also released.[174]

References
  1. Our Story Nokia Corporation 1 May 2014.
  2. Helen, Tapio. "Idestam, Fredrik (1838–1916)". Biographical Centre of the Finnish Literature Society. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  3. Martin Häikiö Nokia Corporation 's official history Edita 2001, p.12 and 13.
  4. "Nokian Footwear: Our Story". Nokian Footwear. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  5. Palo-oja, Ritva; Willberg, Leena (1998). Kumi – Kumin ja Suomen kumiteollisuuden historia (in Finnish). Tampere, Finland: Tampere Museums. pp. 43–53. ISBN 9789516090651.
  6. "Finnish Cable Factory – Brief History". kaapelitehdas.fi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  7. "Nokia – Verner Weckman – Nokia's first century – Story of Nokia". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
  8. "Nokia – The merger – Nokia's first century – Story of Nokia". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  9. "Industrial robot made by Nokia". Fabryka robotów. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  10. "Nokia – Towards Telecommunications" (PDF). Nokia Corporation. August 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
  11. "Nokia – First electronic dept – Nokia's first century – Story of Nokia". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  12. Cord, David (April 2014). The Decline and Fall of Nokia. Helsinki: Schildts & Söderströms. p. 202. ISBN 978-951-52-3320-2.
  13. Kaituri, Tommi (2000). "Automaattisten puhelinkeskusten historia" (in Finnish). Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  14. Palmberg, Christopher; Martikainen, Olli (23 May 2003). "Overcoming a Technological Discontinuity – The Case of the Finnish Telecom Industry and the GSM" (PDF). The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
  15. "Nokia : The Journey of a Company from Paper Pulp to Mobile Phones". Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  16. "Check Point Software and Nokia Expand Partnership". Business Wire. 19 October 1999. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  17. Juutilainen, Matti. "Siirtyvä tietoliikenne, luennot 7–8: Matkapuhelinverkot" (PDF) (in Finnish). Lappeenranta University of Technology. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  18. "Puolustusvoimat: Kalustoesittely – Sanomalaitejärjestelmä" (in Finnish). The Finnish Defence Forces. 15 June 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  19. "Nokia 1100 phone offers reliable and affordable mobile communications for new growth markets" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 27 August 2003. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  20. "Nokia – Mobira Cityman – The move to mobile – Story of Nokia". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  21. James Edgar (3 September 2013). "Microsoft buys Nokia: 150-year history of Finnish company with humble beginnings". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2019. Nokia created the radio telephone company Mobira Oy as a joint venture with Finnish television maker Salora in 1979
  22. "Nokia – Mobile era begins – The move to mobile – Story of Nokia". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
  23. "Nokia's Pioneering GSM Research and Development to be Awarded by Eduard Rhein Foundation" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 17 October 1997. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  24. "Global Mobile Communication is 20 years old" (Press release). GSM Association. 6 September 2007. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
  25. "Happy 20th birthday, GSM". ZDNet.co.uk. CBS Interactive. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
  26. "Nokia – First GSM call – The move to mobile – Story of Nokia". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
  27. Smith, Tony (9 November 2007). "15 years ago: the first mass-produced GSM phone". Register Hardware. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
  28. "Nokia – Nokia Tune – Mobile revolution – Story of Nokia". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
  29. "3 Billion GSM Connections on the Mobile Planet – Reports The GSMA". GSM Association. 16 April 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  30. "Nokia MikroMikko 1". Old-Computers.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  31. "Net – Fujitsun asiakaslehti, Net-lehden historia: 1980-luku" (in Finnish). Fujitsu Services Oy, Finland. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  32. "Historia: 1991–1999" (in Finnish). Fujitsu Services Oy, Finland. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  33. "ViewSonic Corporation Acquires Nokia Display Products' Branded Business" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 17 January 2000. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  34. "Nokia Booklet 3G brings all day mobility to the PC world" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 24 August 2009. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  35. Pietilä, Antti-Pekka (27 September 2000). "Kari Kairamon nousu ja tuho". Taloussanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  36. "History in brief". Nokian Tyres. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  37. "Nokia – Jorma Ollila – Mobile revolution – Story of Nokia". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  38. "Finland: How bad policies turned bad luck into a recession". Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  39. Häikiö, Martti (2001). Nokia Oyj:n historia 1–3 (A history of Nokia plc 1–3) (in Finnish). Hackston, David (trans.). Helsinki: Edita. ISBN 951-37-3467-6. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  40. "Nokia – Leading the world – Mobile revolution – Story of Nokia". Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  41. Reinhardt, Andy (3 August 2006). "Nokia's Magnificent Mobile-Phone Manufacturing Machine". BusinessWeek Online Europe. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  42. Professor Voomann, Thomas E.; Cordon, Carlos (1998). "Nokia Mobile Phones: Supply Line Management" (PDF). Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD – International Institute for Management Development. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  43. Ewing, Jack (30 July 2007). "Why Nokia Is Leaving Moto in the Dust". BusinessWeek Online. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  44. Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. pp. 81, 304.
  45. Holson L. Spike Lee and Nokia team up for film New York Times 24 April 2008.
  46. Premiere Getty Images 14 October 2008.
  47. "Nokia seizes social internet and amplifies music experience" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
  48. "Nokia 7705 Twist launched Stateside on Verizon (photo gallery)". Nokia Corporation. 10 September 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
  49. "Nokia launches two new handsets under 'Asha' range". 9 August 2012.
  50. Volpe, Joseph (25 September 2012). "Nokia outs Asha 308 and 309, deems Series 40 smartphone-worthy". Engadget (blog). Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  51. Rigg, Jamie (9 May 2013). "Nokia unveils the touchscreen Asha 501 with new software platform, we go hands-on (video)". Engadget (blog). Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  52. "Nokia's 808 PureView officially declared as the last Symbian device". NDTV. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  53. "maemo.org - maemo.org: Home of the Maemo community". maemo.org.
  54. "Tizen". meego.com.
  55. "Nokia will not return to MeeGo even if N9 turns out to be a hit, says Stephen Elop". GSMArena Blog.
  56. "Another Nokia "Normandy" Android phone image leaked". Neowin.
  57. "Hungarian and Finnish Prime Ministers Inaugurate Nokia's "Factory of the Future" in Komárom" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 5 May 2000. Archived from the original on September 22, 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  58. "Nokia Networks takes strong measures to reduce costs, improve profitability and strengthen leadership position" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 10 April 2003. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  59. "Nokia Networks to shed 1,800 jobs worldwide; majority of impact felt in Finland". Helsingin Sanomat. 11 April 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  60. Leyden, John (10 April 2003). "Nokia Networks axes 1,800 staff". The Register. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  61. "Nokia's Law (transcription)". YLE TV1, Mot. 17 January 2005. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  62. "Shell appoints Jorma Ollila as new Chairman" (Press release). Royal Dutch Shell. 4 August 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  63. "Nokia moves forward with management succession plan" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 1 August 2005. Archived from the original on July 10, 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  64. "Nokia to set up a new mobile device factory in Romania" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  65. "Nokia to open cell phone plant near Cluj". Boston.com. Associated Press. 22 March 2007. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
    "Nokia to build mobile phone plant in Romania". Helsingin Sanomat. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  66. "German Politicians Return Cell Phones Amid Nokia Boycott Calls". Deutsche Welle. 18 January 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  67. "German State Demands €60 Million from Nokia". Der Spiegel. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  68. "ノキア、日本の事業展開の見直し". Archived from the original on 2012-03-21.
  69. "Check Point Completes Acquisition of Nokia Security Appliance Business". 13 April 2009. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
  70. "Nokia Will Layoff 4,000 and Move More Manufacturing to Asia | PCWorld Business Center". Pcworld.com. 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  71. "Nokia Lays Off 1,000 Employees From Finnish Plant, Will Focus On Software". I2mag.com. 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  72. "Nokia closing B.C. research centre as it cuts 10,000 jobs". CBC News. Associated Press. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  73. Jyri Hänninen and Petri Sajari (18 January 2013). "Nokia lupaa vähennysten päättyvän Suomessa". Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  74. "Nokia completes acquisition of assets of Sega.com Inc" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 22 September 2003. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  75. "Nokia to extend leadership in enterprise mobility with acquisition of Intellisync" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 16 November 2005. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  76. "Nokia completes acquisition of Intellisync" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 10 February 2006. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  77. "Nokia and Siemens to merge their communications service provider businesses" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 19 June 2006. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  78. "Nokia to acquire Loudeye and launch a comprehensive mobile music experience" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 8 August 2006. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  79. "Nokia completes Loudeye acquisition" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  80. "Nokia acquires Twango to offer a comprehensive media sharing experience" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  81. "Nokia Acquires Twango – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)" (PDF). Nokia Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  82. "Nokia to acquire Enpocket to create a global mobile advertising leader" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  83. "Nokia to acquire NAVTEQ" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  84. Niccolai, James (1 October 2007). "Nokia buys mapping service for $8.1 billion". InfoWorld. IDG. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  85. "Nokia completes its acquisition of NAVTEQ" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  86. "Nokia to acquire leading consumer email and instant messaging provider OZ Communications". Taume News. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  87. "Nokia to acquire cellity" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 24 July 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  88. "Nokia completes acquisition of cellity" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  89. "Nokia has acquired Plum" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 11 September 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  90. "Nokia Acquires Browser Firm Novarra". Techie-buzz. 28 March 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  91. "Nokia Acquires MetaCarta". informationweek. 11 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  92. Jesse Hicks (7 January 2012). "Nokia buys Smarterphone, developer of feature phone operating system". The Verge. Vox Media, Inc. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  93. Brogan, Danny (14 June 2012). "Nokia's smartphone image quality to improve with acquisition of Scalado". Pocket-lint. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  94. "The better iPhone: Nokia N95?". Scobleizer. 3 June 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  95. "Gartner Says Worldwide Smartphone Sales Reached Its Lowest Growth Rate With 3.7 Per Cent Increase in Fourth Quarter of 2008". Gartner. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  96. Bray, Jonathan (5 February 2011). "Nokia E71 review". Trusted Reviews. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  97. Ziegler, Chris (24 June 2008). "Nokia buys Symbian, turns software over to Symbian Foundation". Engadget. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  98. Magennis, Niall (5 February 2011). "Nokia E52 review". Trusted Reviews. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  99. Lewis, Frank (7 September 2009). "Nokia E52 Review". CNET. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  100. Schroeder, Stan (23 February 2010). "Smartphones in 2009: Symbian Dominates, iPhone, RIM and Android Rising Fast". Mashable. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  101. "Android smart phone shipments grow 886% year-on-year in Q2 2010". Canalys. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  102. Perez, Marin (24 September 2010). "Sony Ericsson: Adios Symbian, hello Android". IntoMobile. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  103. Arthur, Charles (19 October 2010). "Nokia N8 smartphone review: like hardware? You'll love this. Like software? Ah..." The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  104. "Switcher". asymco. 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  105. "Nokia N8 sales nearing 4 million units". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  106. "Intel and Nokia merge Moblin and Maemo to form MeeGo". TechRadar. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  107. "Intel: MeeGo exists because Microsoft let us down". TechRadar. 20 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-04-23. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  108. "Nokia and Microsoft form partnership". BBC. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  109. Weintraub, Seth (2011-02-08). "Nokia's Elop drops bomb: the platform is on fire". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  110. John, Michael. "Microsoft announces Lumia". Cellz. Cellz. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  111. "Capitulation: Nokia adopts Windows Phone 7". =Ars Technica. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  112. "Gartner Says Sales of Mobile Devices in Second Quarter of 2011 Grew 16.5 Percent Year-on-Year; Smartphone Sales Grew 74 Percent" (Press release). Gartner. 11 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  113. Ward, Andrew (21 July 2011). "Apple overtakes Nokia in smartphone stakes". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  114. "Recent Smartphone Shipments show Gainers & Losers". Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  115. "Nokia to cut 3500 jobs worldwide; to shut Romania factory". 29 September 2011.
  116. "Nokia Lumia 710 hands-on (video)". Engadget. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  117. Toor, Amar (2011-10-26). "Nokia announces the Lumia 800". Engadget. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  118. ben-Aaron, Diana (11 February 2011). "Nokia Falls Most Since July 2009 After Microsoft Deal". Bloomberg.
  119. "Lumia: Is the light visible?". Asymco. Horace Dediu. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  120. "Gartner Says Asia/Pacific Led Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to Growth in First Quarter of 2013" (Press release). Gartner. Gartner, Inc. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  121. "Nokia Q4 2011 net sales EUR 10.0 billion, non-IFRS EPS EUR 0.06 (reported EPS EUR −0.29) Nokia 2011 net sales EUR 38.7 billion, non-IFRS EPS EUR 0.29 (reported EPS EUR −0.31)". Nokia. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  122. Constantinescu, Stefan (26 January 2012). "Nokia Q4 2011 financial results: Over 1 million Lumia Windows Phones sold to date". IntoMobile. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  123. Cooper, Daniel (11 April 2012). "Nokia: Two million Lumia phones sold in Q1 but profits still falling". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  124. "Nokia ships 4 million Lumias in Q2 2012, over 7 million to date".
  125. "Nokia's Fight for AT&T Shelf Space Shows Hurdle for Lumia".
  126. "Android smartphone share quadruples iOS in Q2".
  127. "Nokia's Lumia phones to show Groupon offers on maps". BBC. 2 August 2012.
  128. "Nokia links up with Groupon to promote deals on phone maps". Reuters. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
  129. Moen, Arild (8 February 2012). "Nokia to Cut 4,000 Jobs". The Wall Street Journal.
  130. "Nokia to cut 10,000 jobs; shut units". The Hindu. 14 June 2012.
  131. ben-Aaron, Diana (14 June 2012). "Nokia to Cut 10,000 Jobs as Elop Tries to Stanch Losses". Bloomberg.
  132. "Nokia Downgraded to Junk". Zacks.com. 2012-06-18. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  133. Reisinger, Don (2012-05-04). "Nokia, execs hit with class-action suit over disappointing Lumia sales | Mobile – CNET News". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  134. "Nokia Finnish investors considering gathering signatures to get CEO Elop sacked". Phonearena.com. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  135. "Struggling Nokia sells HQ". 3 News NZ. 5 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-07-13. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
  136. "Nokia Corporation Q4 and full year 2012 Interim Report". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
  137. Savov, Vlad (9 May 2013). "Nokia hedges its commitment to Windows Phone with new Asha platform and $99 phone". The Verge. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  138. Einhorn, Bruce (7 December 2012). "Nokia Deal Is Just the Beginning for China Mobile". Businessweek. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  139. Charles Arthur (18 July 2013). "Nokia revenues slide 24% but Lumia sales rise offers hope". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  140. Tom Warren (2013-07-18). "Nokia Lumia sales Q2 2013". The Verge. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  141. "Microsoft buys Nokia's Devices and Services Unit, unites Windows Phone 8 and its hardware maker". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  142. Ovide, Shira. "Microsoft in $7.17 Billion Deal for Nokia Cellphone Business". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  143. "The Next Chapter: An open letter from Steve Ballmer and Stephen Elop". The Official Microsoft Blog. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  144. Jones, Chuck. "The Market Essentially Forced Microsoft To Buy Nokia". Forbes. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  145. "Nokian ex-pomo Anssi Vanjoki: Häpeällistä mutta väistämätöntä". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  146. Trenholm, Rich (25 April 2014). "Microsoft closes Nokia deal, pays more than expected". Cnet.com. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  147. "Nokia phone unit 'to be renamed Microsoft Mobile'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  148. "Nokia says its sale to Microsoft will close on April 25th". The Verge. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  149. "Nokia to Exclude India Plant From Microsoft Deal Over Tax Issues". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  150. "Microsoft's purchase of Nokia is still set to close by the end of March". The Verge. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  151. "Nokia Indian Plant Unlikely to Be Part of Microsoft Phone Deal". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  152. "Leaked Microsoft Document Tips Details of Nokia Brand Transition and More". NDTV. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  153. "There will never be another Nokia smartphone". The Verge. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  154. "Leak reveals when Microsoft must kill Nokia brand". PC Pro. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  155. "Microsoft Lumia will replace the Nokia brand". The Verge. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  156. Tu, Janet I., "Microsoft layoffs signal a changing culture: The cuts are partly related to Microsoft’s acquisition of Nokia’s phone business and partly a reflection of Nadella’s vision of a Microsoft that’s less management heavy and more agile", The Seattle Times, 17 July 2014
  157. "Microsoft to slash 18,000 jobs in deepest cuts in tech giant's history". The Guardian. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  158. "Microsoft is killing off Nokia's feature phones in favor of Windows Phone". The Verge. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  159. "Nokia, China Mobile sign $970 million framework deal" (Press release). Reuters. 10 October 2014.
  160. "Nokia looks to resurrect its valuable brand on future devices". The Verge. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  161. "Nokia's first device after Microsoft is an iPad mini clone that runs Android". The Verge. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  162. "This is the new Nokia". The Verge. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  163. Schechner, Sam (14 April 2015). "Nokia Is in Talks to Buy Alcatel-Lucent". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 April 2015.(subscription required)
  164. Byford, Sam. "Nokia agrees to buy Alcatel-Lucent for $16.6 billion". The Verge. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  165. "Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent to Combine to Create an Innovation Leader in Next Generation Technology and Services for an IP Connected World". Releases (Press release). Nokia. Archived from the original on 2015-04-16. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  166. Zekaria, Simon; Knutson, Ryan (14 April 2015). "Merger of Nokia With Alcatel-Lucent Could Put Pressure on Prices". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved 15 April 2015.(subscription required)
  167. Daniel Thomas, Financial Times. "Nokia-Alcatel Lucent deal wins approval of Chinese regulator." October 19, 2015. October 19, 2015.
  168. "Alcatel's strategic undersea cables unit to be swallowed by Nokia". Reuters. 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  169. "Nokia sells Here maps business to carmakers Audi, BMW and Daimler". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  170. Microsoft sells Nokia brand to Foxconn and HMD Global Slashgear website.
  171. Nokia signs etc Nokia website 18 May 2016.
  172. HMD Global Nokia smartphone Gadgets.ndtv website.
  173. Smith, Chris (2017-01-09). "This is Nokia's first Android-based iPhone 7 rival". BGR. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  174. "Nokia 6, Nokia 5, Nokia 3 and Nokia 3310 price details revealed ahead of June launch". gizbot.com/. 2017-05-09. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.