Homosexuality in the Batman franchise

Gay interpretations have been part of the academic study of the Batman franchise at least since psychiatrist Fredric Wertham asserted in his 1954 book Seduction of the Innocent that "Batman stories are psychologically homosexual". Wertham, as well as parodies, fans, and other independent parties, have interpreted Batman and his sidekick Robin (Dick Grayson) as gay or in a relationship with each other. DC Comics has never indicated Batman or any of his male allies to be gay, but several characters in the Modern Age Batman comic books are expressly gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[1]

Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson in two side-by-side beds. Panel from Batman #84 (June, 1954), page 24. Art by Sheldon Moldoff.

Golden and Silver Age Batman

The early Golden Age Batman stories were dark and violent, but during the late 1940s and the early 1950s they changed to a softer, friendlier and more exotic style, that was considered "campy". This style awoke contemporary and later associations with gay culture.[2]

In Seduction of the Innocent, Fredric Wertham claimed, "The Batman type of story may stimulate children to homosexual fantasies, of the nature of which they may be unconscious" and "Only someone ignorant of the fundamentals of psychiatry and of the psychopathology of sex can fail to realize a subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature 'Batman' and his young friend Robin."[3] This book was issued in the context of the "lavender scare" where authorities regarded homosexuality as a security risk.[4] Wertham's work is now often criticized, with one review of his work by Carol L. Tilley stating that he "manipulated, overstated, compromised and fabricated evidence"[5]

Andy Medhurst wrote in his 1991 essay Batman, Deviance, and Camp that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because "he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality," "the 1960s TV series remains a touchstone of camp," and "[he] merits analysis as a notably successful construction of masculinity."[6]

Views within the industry

The Comics Bulletin website posed the question "Is Batman Gay?" to their staff and various comic book professionals.[7] Writer Alan Grant has stated, "The Batman I wrote for 13 years isn't gay. Denny O'Neil's Batman, Marv Wolfman's Batman, everybody's Batman all the way back to Bob Kane… none of them wrote him as a gay character. Only Joel Schumacher might have had an opposing view." Writer Devin Grayson has commented, "It depends who you ask, doesn't it? Since you're asking me, I'll say no, I don't think he is… I certainly understand the gay readings, though."[8] While Frank Miller has described the relationship between Batman and the Joker as a "homophobic nightmare,"[9] he views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crime fighting, concluding, "He'd be much healthier if he were gay."[10] Grant Morrison, writer of both Batman and Batman Incorporated said in an interview with Playboy that "Gayness is built into Batman. I’m not using gay in the pejorative sense, but Batman is very, very gay...Obviously as a fictional character he's intended to be heterosexual, but the basis of the whole concept is utterly gay."[11] Morrison later said that Playboy misquoted them and explained in an interview with the New Statesman that the quote was "the opposite of what [they had] said." While one "could easily dial up the black-leather-fetishistic-night-dwelling aspects of Batman, and the masculinity of Batman, and get a pretty good gay Batman, [...] ultimately he's not gay because he has no sex life".[12]

1960s TV series

Burt Ward, who portrayed Robin in the 1960s TV series and film, wrote in his autobiography Boy Wonder: My Life in Tights that Batman and Robin could be interpreted as lovers.[13]

Joel Schumacher's films

The 1995 feature film Batman Forever, and especially its 1997 sequel Batman & Robin, both helmed by the openly gay director Joel Schumacher, have been interpreted as having homoerotic overtones.[14]

Slate magazine called Schumacher's Batman films "defiantly queer", with a "sugar daddy" Batman and "rough-trade" Robin. Slate noted that Robin wore a codpiece and "Bat-nipples" and said that what "Schumacher produced wasn’t gay subtext; it was gay domtext."[15]

Schumacher stated, "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from ancient Greek statues, which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct."[14]

Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, felt "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual."[14]

George Clooney joked, "Joel Schumacher told me we never made another Batman film because Batman was gay."[16] In 2006, Clooney said in an interview with Barbara Walters that in Batman & Robin he played Batman as gay. "I was in a rubber suit and I had rubber nipples. I could have played Batman straight, but I made him gay." Walters then asked, "George, is Batman gay?" To which he responded, "No, but I made him gay."[17]

Animation

The direct-to-video DC animated movie Batman and Harley Quinn alludes to both the notion of a homosexual relationship between Batman and Robin, and to Seduction of the Innocent, when Harley Quinn addresses Nightwing about that topic with the words: "It’s funny. I always kinda thought you and Batman didn’t like girls. [...] You know. That book. With the headlights and the eyeball-gouging? I had to write a paper on it in college. Got a B minus."

Interpretations in later years; parody and fandom

Homosexual interpretations of Batman and Robin have attracted even more attention during the Modern Age of Comic Books, as sexual and LGBT themes became more common and accepted in mainstream comics.

At the Worldcon costume ball in 1962, a number of fans appeared as the Justice Society of America, including Fred Patten and Rick Norwood as The Flash, Dick Lupoff as Batman, and Harlan Ellison as Robin. Lupoff and Ellison struck a homoerotic pose for the cameras.

Writer Warren Ellis addressed the issue of Batman's sexuality obliquely in his comic book The Authority from Image Comics where he portrayed the character of the Midnighter, a clear Batman pastiche, as openly gay and engaged in a long term relationship with the Superman analogue Apollo.

The Ambiguously Gay Duo is a 1996 animated parody previously featured on The Dana Carvey Show and Saturday Night Live, with many similarities to Batman, not least the animated title sequence of the 1960s TV series.

In 2000, DC Comics refused to allow permission for the reprinting of four panels (from Batman #79, 92, 105 and 139) to illustrate Christopher York's paper All in the Family: Homophobia and Batman Comics in the 1950s.[18]

The idea of the "gay" Batman has also been revitalized around 2005, as a montage of panels from "The Joker's Comedy of Errors" in Batman #66, issued in 1951, began to circulate as a joke. The episode used the word "boner" several times; in the original comic, it meant "blunder," but in present-day vernacular the word is primarily the slang term for an erection.[19] A similar case of an unintended gay interpretation was the Rainbow Batman from 1957.

In the summer of 2005, painter Mark Chamberlain displayed a number of watercolors depicting both Batman and Robin in suggestive and sexually explicit poses.[20] DC threatened both artist and the Kathleen Cullen Fine Arts gallery with legal action if they did not cease selling the works and demanded all remaining art, as well as any profits derived from them.[21]

Will Brooker argues in Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon,[22] that a queer reading of Batman is a valid interpretation, and that homosexual readers would naturally find themselves drawn to the lifestyle depicted within, whether the character of Bruce Wayne himself is explicitly homosexual or not. He also identifies a homophobic element to the vigour with which mainstream fandom rejects the possibility of a homosexual reading of the character. Writing for The Guardian, Brooker expanded on this theme, stating that Batman:

can never be tied down to any one identity. Batman has been a ridiculous boy-scout, a fearsome vigilante, a protective father, a loner, a clown. Batman is a myth and a mosaic, an icon who catches the light at different angles at different times, and takes multiple forms. But gayness – from high camp to intense homoeroticism – is an important aspect of that icon...The constant need to insist on Batman's heterosexuality always, unwittingly, reminds us of the campy incarnations as it tries to repress them; and the harder the push towards "darkness," the more the "rainbow Batman" sneaks through the gaps.[23]

LGBT characters in the Batman franchise

Several characters, mostly women, have been portrayed as lesbian or bisexual in the recent history of the franchise.

Lesbian characters

In 2006, DC drew widespread media attention by announcing a new, lesbian incarnation of the well-known character Batwoman,[24] even while openly lesbian characters such as Gotham City police officer Renee Montoya, police captain Maggie Sawyer, and Catwoman's protégée (and, for a time, successor as Catwoman) Holly Robinson, already existed in the Batman franchise.[25][26]

In response to the 2009 New York Comic Con, reporter Alison Flood called Batwoman DC Comics' highest profile gay superhero.[27] Batwoman appeared in a new Justice League comic book written by James Robinson and took over as the lead character in Detective Comics starting issue #854.[28]

Greg Rucka said that DC's editors had no problem with his writing Montoya or Batwoman as lesbian, but the media controversy over Batwoman's sexuality "nullified any positive effect Batwoman might have had on the industry" and forced the character into minor roles during major crossover storylines.[29] This changed in September 2011, when, as part of a company wide relaunch of their superhero titles, DC launched a Batwoman monthly title starring Kate Kane.

Ironically, the original Batwoman, Katherine Kane, was created in the 1950s, along with original Bat-girl Bette Kane, as a romantic interest for Batman (and Bat-girl as such for Robin), to deter the notion that Batman and Robin were both gay and in a relationship. Additionally, the Batwoman characters, sharing a last name, have been written to be related.

Bisexual characters

In 2015, Selina Kyle of the New 52 was confirmed to be bisexual in Catwoman issue #39, written by Genevieve Valentine, in which she kissed her replacement as Catwoman, Eiko.[1]

Harley Quinn has been described as bisexual,[30] and has been in a relationship with The Joker, and, more recently, in a non-monogamous relationship with Poison Ivy.[31][32]

Batman's Golden Age villain-turned-antihero Catman was later confirmed to be bisexual by writer Gail Simone.[33][34]

In 2011, DC introduced Alysia Yeoh, Batgirl's roommate and friend who is a bisexual trans woman.[35]

Batman's sidekick Bluebird (Harper Row) is also a bisexual woman.[36]

Other characters have been portrayed as bisexual in Batman media adaptations. Gotham's Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan are also confirmed to be bisexual.[37][38] Barbara had had a relationship with Renee Montoya in the past,[39] and she has also been in a love triangle including Tabitha.[37]

Gay male characters

Gay male characters in Batman comics include Harper Row's brother Cullen[40] and the superhero Midnighter. Midnighter originated as an alternative universe analogue of Batman in comics published by WildStorm, but became part of the mainstream DC Universe in September 2011 as a result of The New 52.[41] Midnighter has appeared as a regular supporting character in titles featuring Dick Grayson, including Grayson and Nightwing.[42]

The television series Gotham depicts The Penguin (Oswald Cobblepot) as a gay or bisexual man, a departure from depictions of the character in other media.[43]

See also

References
  1. "Catwoman #39: "Better Than He Does Himself"". February 26, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  2. "When Batman Was Gay | The Bilerico Project". Bilerico.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  3. Wertham, Fredric. Seduction of the Innocent. Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1954. pg. 189–90
  4. Johnson, David K. (2010). The Lavender Scare : the Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226401966. OCLC 781331324.
  5. Itzkoff, Dave (2013-02-19). "Scholar Finds Flaws in Work by Archenemy of Comics". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  6. Medhurst, Andy. "Batman, Deviance, and Camp." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 150
  7. "Is Batman Gay?". Comics Bulletin. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  8. "Is Batman Gay?". Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2005.
  9. Sharrett, pg. 37-38
  10. Sharrett, pg. 38
  11. Playboy Grant Morrison interview Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, accessed May 2, 2012
  12. New Statesman interview with Grant Morrison
  13. "Bruce Wayne: Bachelor". Ninth Art: Andrew Wheeler Comment. Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved June 21, 2005.
  14. Joel Schumacher, Peter MacGregor-Scott, Chris O'Donnell, Val Kilmer, Uma Thurman, John Glover, Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6-Batman Unbound, 2005, Warner Home Video
  15. Weldon, Glen (2016-04-04). "The Complete History of Batman and Robin's Gay Subtext". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  16. Sharon Swart; Bill Higgins (2005-06-27). "'Happy' to sign off". Variety. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  17. "Brokebat Mountain: "Batman is gay", says George Clooney". PinkNews.co.uk. 3 March 2006. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  18. Beatty, Bart (2000). "Don't Ask, Don't Tell: How Do You Illustrate an Academic Essay about Batman and Homosexuality?". The Comics Journal (228): 17–18.
  19. "Prism Comics feature". Prismcomics.org. Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  20. "Mark Chamberlain (American, 1967)". Artnet.
  21. "Gallery told to drop 'gay' Batman". BBC. August 19, 2005.
  22. Brooker, Will (2001) Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon, Continuum.
  23. The Guardian, "Batman can't come out as gay – his character relies on him being in denial", accessed November 2, 2012.
  24. Ferber, Lawrence (July 18, 2006), "Queering the Comics", The Advocate, p. 51
  25. Colón, Suzan (2008-11-18), "Don't Mask, Do Tell", The Advocate, pp. 18, Issue #1019, archived from the original on October 25, 2008, retrieved 2008-11-30
  26. Mangels, Andy (May 27, 2003), "Outed in Batman's Backyard", The Advocate, p. 62
  27. Flood, Alison (February 11, 2009), "DC readies lesbian Batwoman for take-off", The Guardian, London, retrieved 2009-02-11
  28. ICv2: Batwoman takes over 'Detective', archived from the original on 2012-09-27, retrieved 2009-02-10
  29. Furey, Emmett. p. 4 Homosexuality in Comics - Part I, Part II, Part III and Part IV, Comic Book Resources, July 16–19, 2007
  30. "We're Going Cuckoo for Harley Quinn's New 'Birds of Prey' Poster". www.pride.com. 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  31. "@DCComics twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  32. Greg Anderson Elysee (2019-09-24). "Happy Bisexual Visibility Day! Comic Book Showcase". Bleeding Cool News And Rumors. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  33. "Who was the bisexual man? Or is that off the... - APE IN A CAPE". Gailsimone.tumblr.com. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  34. Secret Six #1 (2015)
  35. "Alysia Yeoh". Gay League. 12 November 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  36. "Did We Know That Harper Row Was Bisexual? If Not, It's Super Cool!". Henchman-4-Hire. 26 November 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  37. Media, Comcast Interactive (2015-10-02). "'Gotham's' Erin Richards On Barbara's Sexuality and Twisted 3-Way Relationship - Xfinity TV Blog". Xfinity TV Blog. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
  38. "Season 2 of "Gotham" says goodbye to Montoya, introduces new bisexual love triangle for Barbara - AfterEllen". AfterEllen. 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
  39. Griffiths, Kadeen. "Barbara Kean & Renee Montoya Dated on 'Gotham,' But Their Relationship Is Still Very Complex". Retrieved 2016-10-25.
  40. Who Was That Masked Man? CAPULLO Sketch Raises Questions About LARK, What's Wrong with BATMAN's Arm?; by Vaneta Rogers; at Newsarama; published August 15, 2014; retrieved January 11, 2019
  41. Pulliam-Moore, Charles (5 June 2015). "DC's Midnighter is more than just a gay Batman". fusion.net. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  42. Johnston, Rich (13 July 2016). "So How Close Are Grayson And Midnighter In DC Rebirth?". Bleeding Cool News. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  43. "Penguin's Surprising New Love Interest on Gotham Revealed". Comicbook.com. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
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