Howard Vyse

Major General Richard William Howard Howard Vyse (25 July 1784 – 8 June 1853) was a British soldier and Egyptologist. He was also Member of Parliament (MP) for Beverley (from 1807 to 1812) and Honiton (from 1812 to 1818).

For the First and Second World War general, see Richard Howard-Vyse.

Richard Howard Vyse
Born(1784-07-25)25 July 1784
Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, England
Died8 June 1853(1853-06-08) (aged 68)
Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, England
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
RankMajor General
Other workEquerry to the Duke of Cumberland, High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire and Egyptologist

Family life

Richard William Howard Vyse, born on 25 July 1784 at Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire,[1] was the only son of General Richard Vyse and his wife, Anne, the only surviving daughter and heiress of Field-marshal Sir George Howard. Richard William Howard Vyse assumed the additional name of Howard by royal sign-manual in September 1812 and became Richard William Howard Howard Vyse[2][3] on inheriting the estates of Boughton and Pitsford in Northamptonshire through his maternal grandmother, Lucy, daughter of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1672–1739).[4]

He married, 13 November 1810 Frances,[5] second daughter of Henry Hesketh of Newton, Cheshire. By her he had eight sons and two daughters; among his children were Lt Frederick Howard Vyse RN and Windsor MP Richard Howard-Vyse. Vyse died at Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, on 8 June 1853. His will was proved on 13 August 1853[6] at the Prerogative Court of Canterbury.

Military career

Howard Vyse was commissioned as cornet into the 1st Dragoons in 1800. He transferred to the 15th Light Dragoons as a Lieutenant in 1801 and was promoted Captain in 1802 and Major in 1813. In 1815 he transferred to the 87th Foot and in 1816 to the 2nd Life Guards, and then also to the 1st West India in 1819. He was promoted brevet Lieutenant-Colonel in 1825, later nominated to rank put onto half-pay in 1825,[7] Colonel in 1837,[8] and Major-General in 1846.[9]

In 1809 he acted as aide-de-camp to his father on the staff of the Yorkshire district, and on 5 July 1810 received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from Oxford University. On 2 October 1840, Vyse undertook an official duty as the Colonel of the Life Guards in the mourning party for HRH Princess Augusta Sophia,[10] to whom he had dedicated his book, Operations carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837.

Parliamentary career

Vyse was elected to Parliament for Beverley in Yorkshire, a borough whose elections were frequently contested,[11] in 1807. Two months after the election Philip Staple, the losing candidate, petitioned Parliament, accusing Vyse (along with the other winning candidate, John Wharton) of bribery and corruption during the election campaign.[12] The Select Committee to which the petition was referred declined to void the result of the election in Staple's favour.[13] Some sixteen years after Vyse's death, evidence surfaced that most of his voters had been paid: £3.8s for a plumper and £1.14s for a split vote.[14] Payments made after an election (as these were) were not deemed bribery under the 1729 Bribery Act (and relevant case law) and were not considered by Parliamentary Select Committees to be grounds for voiding an election.

In October 1812, Vyse exchanged his seat at Beverley for Honiton in Devonshire.[15] On this occasion Vyse was elected unopposed as the potential third candidate, Samuel Colleton Graves, of Hembury Fort, near Honiton, invited to stand, chose instead to stand elsewhere.[15] Vyse held this seat until the dissolution of Parliament in 1818.

He also served as High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 1830.[16]

Egyptologist

Pyramids of Giza

Vyse first visited Egypt in 1835 and in 1836 joined the excavations of Giovanni Battista Caviglia at Giza. Vyse found Caviglia "unproductive" and in 1837 teamed with engineer John Shae Perring in an effort to explore and document the pyramids. Their work culminated in the publishing of the Pyramids of Gizeh and the Operations carried on at the pyramids of Gizeh which the latter also includes an appendix of Vyse's account of travelling to Lower Egypt.[17]

Vyse's "gunpowder archaeology" made one highly notable discovery in the Great Pyramid of Giza. Giovanni Battista Caviglia had blasted on the south side of the stress-relieving chamber (Davison's Chamber) on top of the King's Chamber, a chamber discovered by Nathaniel Davison in 1765, hoping to find a link to the southern air channel. But while Caviglia gave up, Vyse suspected that there was another chamber on top of Davison's Chamber, since he could insert a reed "for about two feet" upwards through a crack into a cavity.[18] He therefore blasted straight up on the northern side, over three and a half months, finding four additional chambers. Vyse named these chambers after important friends and colleagues; Wellington's Chamber (Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington), Nelson's Chamber (Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson), Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber (Anne Fitzgerald, wife of Sir Robert Keith Arbuthnot, 2nd Baronet) and Campbell's Chamber (Patrick Campbell, the British agent and Consul General in Egypt).[19]

Vyse's version of events with regards to the discovery of Wellington's Chamber was contested by Caviglia in a series of letters in which the Italian claimed he had informed Vyse of his suspicion that there was likely another chamber directly above Davison's Chamber. According to Caviglia Vyse then betrayed his confidence on this matter and subsequently had Caviglia removed from the Giza site in order to claim the discovery for himself.[20] In response to Caviglia's accusation, Vyse issued a strong rebuttal, dismissing Caviglia's charge.[21]

Vyse also discovered numerous graffiti in the chambers dating from the time the pyramids were built. Along with lines, markers, and directional notations were the names of various work gangs who cut and transported the stone blocks. All of these work gang names contained a variant of the pharaoh's name i.e. Khufu, Khnum-Khuf and Medjedu, the first two of which were contained within the distinctive royal cartouche. While most of these gang names were concentrated in Lady Arbuthnot's and Campbell's Chamber, all four chambers opened by Vyse contained graffiti (or more correctly "quarry-marks" as Vyse called them).[18] while the previously discovered Davison's Chamber contained none.

The now famous instance of Pharaoh Khufu's name is found on the south ceiling towards the west end of Campbell's Chamber. The Khufu cartouche is part of a short inscription that reads Ḫwfw śmrw ˤpr ("the gang, Companions of Khufu"), i.e. one of the gangs of workmen that constructed the chamber. Though the cartouche of Khufu is obscured by blocks or was cut off, this same gang name is also found several feet away on the last ceiling block. Vyse also depicts a partial Khufu cartouche on the North side of the chamber.[22] Vyse had the graffiti copied by his assistant, J. R. Hill,[23] and sent them to Samuel Birch, the Keeper of Antiquities at the British Museum who, at the time, was one of the very few scholars able to translate Egyptian hieroglyphs. Birch was able to identify this cartouche as belonging to Suphis/Cheops as it had previously been identified by the Italian scholar, Ippolito Rosellini,[24] thereby confirming Khufu's involvement with the Great Pyramid – an association which had, until then, been reported only by Herodotus who records Khufu as the builder of the structure.[19][25][26]

Several compound cartouches of the similarly famous "Khnum-Khufu" royal name, also part of work gang graffiti, are found in Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber,[19] with more examples of the gang name found in Nelson's Chamber and Wellington's Chamber.[27]

Today these chambers also contain a fair amount of 19th and 20th century graffiti, most of which is concentrated in the topmost Campbell's Chamber.

Controversy

While mainstream Egyptology indeed regards Khufu as the builder and owner of the Great Pyramid of Giza, author Zecharia Sitchin, a prominent and widely-debunked promoter of unsupportable notions of Ancient Astronauts and other concepts in Pseudoscience and Pseudohistory, in two of his books, The Stairway to Heaven (1980) and Journeys to the Mythical Past (2007), accused Vyse and his assistants, Perring and Hill, of forging the various names of Khufu in these chambers, offering as the motivation for this, Vyse's "determination to obtain a major find as time and money were running out".[28]


Publications

References
  1. 1851 England Census HO107/1718; Folio: 579; Page: 17
  2. Burke, Edmund (1854). "Annual Register". 95: 233. Retrieved 28 May 2018. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. "The Times". 4 February 1830: 6. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. Dictionary of National Biography states that her father the 2nd Earl of Strafford was Thomas Wentworth. He was the first Earl of the second creation; the mistake probably comes from a misinterpretation to the reference to her that states she is the 2d(aughter) Earl of Strafford.
  5. Abstract of the marriage settlement of Richard William Howard-Vyse and Frances Hesketh [no ref.] 24 October 1810 at Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies
  6. PROB 11/2177 Will of Richard William Howard Howard Vyse, Major General in Her Majesty's Army of Stoke Place , Buckinghamshire
  7. "No. 18174". The London Gazette. 10 September 1825. pp. 5–5.
  8. "No. 19456". The London Gazette. 10 January 1837. pp. 7–8.
  9. "No. 20670". The London Gazette. 20 November 1846. pp. 3–3.
  10. "No. 19902". The London Gazette. 7 October 1840. pp. 2–3.
  11. Aidt, Toke S.; Franck, Raphaël (1 June 2013). "How to get the snowball rolling and extend the franchise: voting on the Great Reform Act of 1832" (PDF). Public Choice. 155 (3–4): 229–250. doi:10.1007/s11127-011-9911-y. ISSN 0048-5829. S2CID 17438910.
  12. Great Britain House of Commons, Journals of the House of Commons Vol. 62, 10 July 1807, p.680
  13. The Parliamentary Representation of the Six Northern Counties of England, William Wardell Bean
  14. Great Britain House of Commons, Commissioners Report: Elections Beverley, vol. 18, p.393
  15. The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790–1820, ed. R. G. Thorne, 1986
  16. "No. 18653". The London Gazette. 5 February 1830. pp. 262–262.
  17. Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 1997, pp. 50–53
  18. Vyse, H. (1840) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837: With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt, and an Appendix. Vol I. London: James Fraser, Regent Street.
  19. Lehner, op. cit., p. 53
  20. Tait's Edinburgh Magazine for 1837, Vol IV, pp.706–709
  21. Vyse, Operations, Vol II, pp.152–176
  22. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/perring1839bd1/0018/image
  23. Vyse, Operations Vol I, p.259
  24. Vyse, Operations, Vol I, p.280
  25. Brier, Bob; Houdin, Jean-Pierre (2008). The Secret of the Great Pyramid, How One Man's Obsession Led to the Solution of Ancient Egypt's Greatest Mystery. harper-Collins. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-06-171410-8.
  26. Cimmino, Franco (1996). Storia delle Piramidi. Milano: Rusconi. p. 63. ISBN 978-88-18-70143-2.
  27. Vyse, Operations Vol I, p.280 & 284
  28. Sitchin, Z. (1987) Forging the Pharaoh's Name. In, The Stairway to Heaven (Chapter 13). Santa Fe, N.M. : Bear & Co.
Attribution
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Richard Vyse
John Wharton		 Member of Parliament for Beverley
1807–1812
With: John Wharton		 Succeeded by
Charles Forbes
John Wharton
Preceded by
Sir Charles Hamilton
Augustus Cavendish-Bradshaw		 Member of Parliament for Honiton
1812–1818
With: George Abercrombie Robinson		 Succeeded by
Samuel Crawley
Peregrine Francis Cust
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Robert Harvey		 High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire
1830		 Succeeded by
Henry Andrewes Uthwatt
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