Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland

Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, KG, PC (c. 1714  6 June 1786), was an English peer, landowner, and art patron.


The Duke of Northumberland

Personal details
Bornc. 1714
Died11 February 1786 (aged 7172)
Resting placeNorthumberland Vault, Westminster Abbey
NationalityBritish
Spouse(s)Lady Elizabeth Seymour
Childrenby Lady Elizabeth Seymour:
Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland
Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley
Lady Elizabeth Anne Frances Percy
by Elizabeth Hungerford Keate:
James Smithson
ParentsLangdale Smithson
Philadelphia Reveley
Coat of arms of Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, KG, PC

Origins

He was born Hugh Smithson, the son of Langdale Smithson of Langdale, Yorkshire, and grandson of Sir Hugh Smithson, 3rd Baronet, from whom he inherited the Smithson Baronetcy in 1733.

Marriage, projects and patronages

He changed his surname to Percy when he married Lady Elizabeth Seymour (1716–1776), daughter of His Grace The 7th Duke of Somerset, on 16 July 1740, through a private Act of Parliament.[1] She was Baroness Percy in her own right, and indirect heiress of the Percy family, which was one of the leading landowning families of England and had previously held the Earldom of Northumberland for several centuries. The title Earl of Northumberland passed by special remainder to Hugh Percy, as Elizabeth's husband, when her father died on 7 February 1750; he had been created 1st Earl of Northumberland in 1749. In 1766, the earl was created 1st Duke of Northumberland and was created Baron Lovaine on 28 June 1784, with a special remainder in favour of his younger son, Algernon.[2] (The Louvain family of the Landgraviate of Brabant, which married the Percy heiress, was the origin of the Percy family of England). Richard de Percy, 5th Baron Percy (c. 1170–1244) (who adopted the surname Percy), was the son of Joscelin of Louvain (1121–1180), styled "brother of the queen" (referring to Adeliza of Louvain, second wife of King Henry I of England, by his wife Agnes de Perci, suo jure Baroness Percy, the heiress of the Percy estates in England.) He was created a Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1756 and a Privy Counsellor in 1762.

He took a somewhat prominent part in politics as a follower of Lord Bute, and was one of George III's confidential advisers. He held the office of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1763 to 1765, and that of Master of the Horse from 1778 to 1780.[2]

Sir Hugh and Lord Brooke (later created Earl of Warwick) were the most important patrons of Canaletto in England. Smithson made a Grand Tour and was in Venice in 1733, where he acquired two large Canalettos for his seat at Stanwick. In 1736 he became one of the two vice presidents of the Society for the Encouragement of Learning. He rebuilt Stanwick Park c. 1739–1740, mostly to his own designs. He was one of the 175 commissioners for the building of Westminster Bridge, a structure he had Canaletto paint two more large canvases, c. 1747. He built an observatory, designed by Robert Adam, on Ratcheugh Crag, at Longhoughton.[3] Thomas Chippendale dedicated his Gentleman & Cabinet maker's director (1754) to him.

Northumberland Row, site of the ancient Smithson house in Tottenham High Cross.[4]

The duke and duchess were prominent patrons of Robert Adam for neoclassical interiors in the Jacobean mansion Northumberland House, the London seat of the Earls of Northumberland; it was demolished c. 1870–1871 to enable the creation of Trafalgar Square. Remnants of the Northumberland House Glass Drawing-Room are preserved at the Victoria and Albert Museum. The greater Adam interiors for the Duke are at Syon House, executed in the 1760s. At Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, the Duke employed James Wyatt, whose work has been effaced by later remodellings. One or other Adam designed Brizlee Tower for the duke.

Landholdings / seats

Death and burial

Hugh died in 1786 and was buried in the Northumberland Vault, within Westminster Abbey.[6][7]

Family

The duke and duchess had three children:

The duke's illegitimate son (by Elizabeth Hungerford Keate Macie), James Smithson (1765–1829), is famed for having made the founding bequest and provided the name for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C..[8]

Further reading

References

  1. Deed Poll Office: Private Act of Parliament 1749 (23 Geo. 2). c. 14
  2. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Northumberland, Earls and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 788.
  3. Council, Northumberland County (12 June 2003). "Northumberland Communities". communities.northumberland.gov.uk.
  4. Inherited, with an estate worth £3,000 per annum, in 1740 by Sir Hugh Smithson, 4th Bart., from his cousin and Middlesex MP, Hugh Smithson (c1661-1740). (The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690–1715, ed. D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks, S. Handley, 2002). The site previously belonged to the family of Hynningham. (The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Tottenham, Volume 2, William Robinson, 1840). Monumental gate piers possibly came from the nearby Bruce Castle. Note the monogramme HS in the wrought iron gate. Photographed in May 2013. (The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715–1754, ed. R. Sedgwick, 1970)
  5. Stuff, Good. "Kielder Castle, Kielder, Northumberland". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk.
  6. Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 7.
  7. pixeltocode.uk, PixelToCode. "Elizabeth, Countess of Mexborough". Westminster Abbey.
  8. "James Smithson". Smithsonian History. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 6 May 2012.

Media related to Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland at Wikimedia Commons

Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded by
Sir Francis Child
William Pulteney
Member of Parliament for Middlesex
1740–1750
With: William Pulteney 1740–1742
Sir Roger Newdigate, Bt 1742–1747
Sir William Beauchamp-Proctor, Bt 1747–1750
Succeeded by
Sir William Beauchamp-Proctor, Bt
George Cooke
Political offices
Preceded by
New government
Lord of the Bedchamber
1760–1762
Succeeded by
The Earl of Denbigh
Preceded by
The Duke of Manchester
Lord Chamberlain to Queen Charlotte
1762–1763
Succeeded by
The Earl Harcourt
Preceded by
The Earl of Halifax
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
1763–1765
Succeeded by
Viscount Weymouth
Preceded by
The Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
Master of the Horse
1778–1780
Succeeded by
The Duke of Montagu
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Mark Kirby
High Sheriff of Yorkshire
1738
Succeeded by
Sir George Cooke
Preceded by
The Earl of Tankerville
Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland
1753–1786
Succeeded by
The 2nd Duke of Northumberland
Custos Rotulorum of Northumberland
1753–1786
Vacant
Title last held by
Sir John Delaval
Vice-Admiral of Northumberland
1755–1786
Preceded by
The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Custos Rotulorum of Middlesex
1762–1786
Vacant
Title next held by
Henry Dundas
Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex
1763–1786
In Commission
Peerage of Great Britain
New creation Duke of Northumberland
1766–1786
Succeeded by
Hugh Percy
Preceded by
Algernon Seymour
Earl of Northumberland
1750–1786
New creation Baron Lovaine
1784–1786
Succeeded by
Algernon Percy
Baronetage of England
Preceded by
Hugh Smithson
Baronet
(of Stanwick)
1733–1786
Succeeded by
Hugh Percy

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