India Point Park

During the early 1800s, Fox Point became a major transportation center for the city, serving as many as seven steamship lines.[4] In 1835 a railroad opened on India Street at Ives Street.[4]

During the 19th century, Providence was growing some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Silverware. Many of these companies shipped their goods through the wharves at India Point.[4] Providence shipped out cotton and woolen goods, hardware, machinery, steam engines, and other goods to the world. In return, the ships brought raw materials including cotton, wool, leather, iron, hides, and other products.[4] By the late 1800s the ships were bringing coal to Providence.[4] In 1878 coal imports peaked at nearly one million tons of coal, which were stored in storage yards and wharves along the harbor.[4] Many of these wharf pilings were still visible a century later.[4]

A sign in India Point Park tells the story of the steamships

On August 22, 1821, the steamboat Robert Fulton became the first steamboat to travel direct from New York to Providence.[5] In addition to cargo, Fox Point was host to several passenger steamship lines, including the Providence and Stonington Line, the Long Island Sound Steamship line, the New England Steamship Company, the Merchants & Miners Steamship Line, and others. These large, fast, and comfortable ships brought passengers from ports such as Philadelphia,[4] Boston, Baltimore, and Miami.[6] In the 1920s, Merchants & Miners had six ships and three sailings per week from Baltimore to Providence.[6] Service continued until 1941, when steamships were requisitioned for the war effort.[6]

In June 1911, the French Fabre Line began trans-Atlantic service to Providence.[6] Between June 30, 1912 and June 30, 1913, Fabre brought almost 12,000 mostly Italian and Portuguese immigrants to the Lonsdale Dock.[6] The route was so popular that Fabre built an additional pier on Allens Avenue in 1914.[6]

By the 1940s, after being battered by the 1938 New England hurricane,[3] and with many steamships having been requisitioned for the war effort,[6] commerce largely ceased. The Port of Providence was moved to Allens Avenue, which had deeper waters.[6] As diesel fuel replaced coal,[6] the coal yards of India Point were turned into scrap yards.[3][2]

In the 1960s, the construction of Interstate 195 cut India Point off from the rest of the neighborhood. Architectural historian William McKenzie Woodward believed the effect was poorly mitigated by the pedestrian walkway.[7]

In the 1960s and 1970s, Providence underwent a concerted beautification effort, including, finally, the transformation of India Point into a public park dedicated in 1974.[2]

The original pedestrian bridge over I-195 was demolished in 2005 for an expanded linear park bridge which opened a few years later, providing greater access for the greater Fox Point neighborhood.[8] Foot traffic has also benefitted from the George Redman Linear Park, which was completed in September 2015.

The long period of neglect is still reflected in the condition of the Green Jacket Shoal, the section of the Providence River between Fox Point and Riverside, which has accumulated a century's worth of debris. Remnants of destroyed docks, pilings, a dry dock, shipwrecks, abandoned ships, and other structures stick out of the water in many places around the shoal, owing to many years of natural disasters and economic hardship.[9][10] The aesthetic of the surrounding water is closely associated with the park. As the character of the area moved away from its industrial past, and with increased public recreational use of the water via India Point Park and Bold Point, the detritus has come to be a noted source of urban blight and a safety concern for anyone using the water.[9][11]