Indiana Limestone

Indiana limestone — also known as Bedford limestone — has long been an economically important building material, particularly for monumental public structures. Indiana limestone is a more common term for Bedford limestone, a geological formation primarily quarried in south central Indiana, USA, between the cities of Bloomington and Bedford.

Exhibit at the Indiana State House touting Bedford, Indiana as the "Limestone Capital of the World".

Bedford, Indiana, has been noted to have the highest quality quarried limestone in the United States. Bedford limestone, like all limestone, is a rock primarily formed of calcium carbonate. It was deposited over millions of years as marine fossils decomposed at the bottom of a shallow inland sea which covered most of the present-day Midwestern United States during the Mississippian Period.

History
Sanders Quarry in Monroe County, Indiana

Native Americans were the first people to discover limestone in Indiana. Not long after they arrived, American settlers used this rock around their windows and doors and for memorials around the towns. The first quarry was started in 1827, and by 1929 Hoosier quarries yielded 12,000,000 ft3 (340,000 cubic meters) of usable stone. The expansion of the railroads brought great need for limestone to build bridges and tunnels and Indiana was the place to get it.

American architecture of the late 19th and early 20th century included a lot of limestone detail work on buildings, but as architectural styles changed, so did the demand for limestone. Bedford limestone was officially designated as the state stone of Indiana by the Indiana General Assembly in 1971.[1] With the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973, the price of alternative building materials skyrocketed so Indiana limestone reemerged as an energy-efficient building material.[2]

Use in notable buildings

Local

Many of Indiana's official buildings, such as the State capitol building, the monuments in Downtown Indianapolis, the Benjamin Harrison School of Law in Indianapolis, many university buildings, and the Indiana Government Center, and most of the state's 92 courthouses are all examples of Indiana architecture made with Indiana limestone. The majority of Indiana University, Bloomington, was constructed out of limestone. 1959's architecturally significant St. Augustine's Episcopal Church, in Gary, Indiana, uses Indiana limestone in the interior. The Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Church in Merrillville, Indiana, consecrated in 1991 and awarded a Gold Medal Award for Excellence in Masonry Design, uses Indiana limestone on its exterior facade.

National

Nationally, Indiana limestone has long been part of a high-end market. It has mostly been used on the exteriors of homes and commercial and government buildings.

Glory of Commerce, a celebrated sculptural group atop the façade of New York's Grand Central Terminal, is made of Indiana Limestone.

Many prominent public buildings in the United States — such as the National Cathedral, Biltmore Estate, Empire State Building, the Pentagon, The Crescent in Dallas, and the Hotel Pennsylvania — feature Indiana limestone in their exteriors. Some 35 of the 50 state capitol buildings in the United States are made of Indiana limestone.[3] It was used extensively in rebuilding Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The sculptural group atop the main façade of New York City's Grand Central Terminal — known as Glory of Commerce — is made of Indiana Limestone. (A work by Jules-Félix Coutan, it includes representations of Minerva, Hercules, and Mercury and, at its unveiling in 1914, was considered the largest sculptural group in the world.[4][5])

The original 1930s buildings of Rockefeller Center use limestone from Bedford. In 1955 the Tennessee State Capitol exterior was renovated using Indiana limestone to replace the poorer quality Tennessee limestone that had started to deteriorate. Indiana limestone was used in the rebuilding of the Pentagon after the terrorist attack of Sept. 11, 2001. The project took around 15,000 cubic feet of stone and was rededicated exactly one year after the attack.[6] The new Yankee Stadium in the Bronx, which opened in 2009, extensively uses Indiana limestone paneling on its exterior facade.

Indiana limestone has been particularly popular for the construction of university buildings. The Neo-Gothic campus of the University of Chicago is almost entirely constructed out of Bedford limestone; in keeping with the trend of post-Fire buildings using the material. The campus of Washington University in St. Louis – both for new construction and original buildings – makes use of Indiana limestone (along with Missouri Red Granite) in its collegiate gothic architecture. Many buildings on the north side of Michigan State University use Indiana limestone. The Cathedral of Learning, a 42-story neo-gothic skyscraper that is the largest educational building in the Western Hemisphere, along with other nearby buildings of the University of Pittsburgh, are clad in Indiana limestone. The St. Anthony Society Chapter House at Yale University also is built of Indiana limestone.[7] Both structures of the Kenosha County Courthouse and Jail in Kenosha, Wisconsin, were built out of the limestone. This stone was used as far north as the Hotel Macdonald in Edmonton. Several buildings on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis incorporate Indiana limestone and many of the academic buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[8] The Nebraska State Capitol is clad in Indiana Limestone, after native limestone was deemed too prone to weathering.[9]

With the impact of acid rain, Indiana Limestone is not as often used in monuments today as it was in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

  • In the 1922 novel Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis, the fictional "Second National Tower" is depicted as being an "Indiana limestone building of 35 stories." It is described as being an example of progress and a symbol of national success: "Integrity was in the tower, and decision."
  • In the 1979 film Breaking Away, the main character's father is a former Indiana limestone quarry worker who reminisces with his son about his pride in playing a role in the campus architecture; significant scenes involve the son swimming and lounging with friends at one of the local abandoned limestone quarries. Another scene depicts an active Indiana limestone quarry.
  • In the 1993 novel, The Stone Diaries, by American-Canadian author Carol Shields, Cuyler Goodwill and his daughter, Daisy, move to Bloomington, Indiana, as he gets a job in the Indiana limestone business.

See also

References
  1. "Indiana State River and Indiana State Stone". Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  2. "History of Indiana Limestone". Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  3. "Lawrence County Limestone History". Lawrence County, Indiana. Archived from the original on 2006-10-30. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  4. Roberts, Sam (January 22, 2013), Grand Central: How a Train Station Transformed America, Grand Central Publishing; pg 89. ISBN 978-1-4555-2595-9.
  5. Bilotto, Gregory; DiLorenzo, Frank (2017), Building Grand Central Terminal, Arcadia Publishing Incorporated; pg 2. ISBN 978-1-4396-6051-5.
  6. "Pentagon". Bybee Stone Company. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  7. "VANDERBILT GIFT TO 'SHEFF'; Frederick W. to Build..." (PDF). The New York Times. 1913-07-09.
  8. "Washington University". Bybee Stone Company. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  9. https://capitol.nebraska.gov/building/history/nebraska-capitols//

Further reading
  • Patton, J.B. and Carr, D.D. (1982), "The Salem Limestone in the Indiana Building-Stone District"; Ind. Dept. of Nat. Res. Geol Surv. Occasional Paper 38, 31 p.
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