Insurgency in Punjab

The Insurgency in Punjab that started in the early 1980s, was apparently an armed campaign by the Government of India against the increasingly popular Sikh nationalist ambitions Khalistan movement.[12] In the 1980s, the movement had deteriorated into a secessionist movement after the supposed indifference of the Indian state in regards to mutual negotiations.[13] The Green Revolution brought several social and economic changes which, along with factionalism of the politics, in the Punjab state increased tension between rural Sikhs in Punjab with the union Government of India.[12] Pakistani strategists then began supporting the militant dimension of the Khalistan movement.[12]

Punjab insurgency

Affected areas coloured in Red
Date1981–1995[1]
(14 years)
Location
Punjab, India
Result

Indian Government Victory

Belligerents
 India

Khalistani militants
[2][3][4]
Khalistan Liberation Force
Babbar Khalsa
Khalistan Commando Force
Dal Khalsa

Commanders and leaders
Zail Singh
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Shankar Dayal Sharma
Indira Gandhi †
Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
Kuldip Singh Brar
Ranjit Singh Dyal
Rajiv Gandhi
Vishwanath Pratap Singh
Chandra Shekhar
Pamulaparti Rao
Krishnaswamy Sundarji
Beant Singh  †
Arun Shridhar Vaidya  †
Lalit Maken  †
 Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale †
Bhai Amrik Singh †
Shabeg Singh †
Manbir Singh Chaheru †
Labh Singh †
Kanwaljit Singh Sultanwind 
Jagjit Singh Chauhan 
Paramjit Singh Panjwar
Ranjit Singh Neeta
Aroor Singh †
Avtar Singh Brahma †
Gurjant Singh †
Navroop Singh †
Navneet Singh Khadian †
Pritam Singh Sekhon †
Gurbachan Singh †
Balwinder Singh
Talwinder Singh Parmar †
Sukhdev Singh Babbar †
Wadhawa Singh Babbar †
Harjinder Singh Jinda 
Sukhdev Singh Sukha 
Units involved
Strength
150,000[8] 30,000 [9]
Casualties and losses
1700-6000 (est.) security forces killed (Official and unofficial, yet reputable estimates) vary significantly[10] 5,000-10,000 militants killed [11]
5,000 - 12,000 civilian deaths[11]

In the 1972 Punjab state elections, Congress won and Akali Dal was defeated. In 1973, Akali Dal put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution to demand more autonomic powers to the state of Punjab.[14] The Congress government considered the resolution a secessionist document and rejected it.[15] Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale then joined the Akali Dal to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in 1982, to implement Anandpur Sahib resolution. Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the Anandpur Resolution passed, failing which he wanted to declare a semi-autonomous, federal region of Punjab as a homeland for Sikhs.[16]

Bhindranwale symbolized the heroism and patriotism in the 1980s in Punjab.[17] He is accused to promote the Sikh militancy in Punjab,[18] with training and support from the spy agency ISI of Pakistan.[6] Under Bhindranwale, the number of people initiating into the Khalsa increased. He also increased the level of rhetoric on the perceived "assault" on Sikh values from the Brahmin community and RSS, alleging their intentions to influence Sikhism and eradicate its individuality by conflating it with Pan-Indian Hinduism.[18] Bhindranwale and his followers started carrying firearms at all times. Although, they only used them for self defense.[18] In 1983, to escape arrest, he along with his militant followers occupied and fortified Akal Takht.[19] He made the Sikh religious building his headquarters and led a campaign for autonomy in Punjab with the strong backing of Major General Shabeg Singh. They then took refuge in the Golden Temple. launched to assassinate[20]

On the 1st of June 1984, Operation Blue Star was launched to remove him and the armed militants from the Golden Temple complex. On 6 June, on Guru Arjan Dev ji's Martyrdom Day, Bhindranwale was killed by the Indian military in the operation.[21] The operation carried out in the Gurudwara caused outrage among the Sikhs and increased the support for Khalistan Movement.[12] Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh.[22] Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the slaughter of Sikhs in the ensuing 1984 Sikh Massacre.[23] These events played a major role in the violence by Sikh militant groups supported by Pakistan and consumed Punjab until the early 1990s when the Khalistan movement eventually slowed down.[24]

The extremist violence had started with targeting of the Nirankaris and followed by an attack on the government machinery and Hindus.[25] Ultimately, the Sikh militants also targeted other Sikhs with opposing viewpoints. This led to further loss of public support and the militancy was eventually crushed and situation was brought under the control of law enforcement agencies by 1993.

Background

In the 1950s there was a demand for linguistic reorganisation of the state of Punjab, which the government finally agreed in 1966 after protests and recommendation of the States Reorganisation commission.[12] The state of Punjab was later split into the states of Himachal Pradesh, the new state Haryana and current day Punjab.[26]

While the Green Revolution in Punjab had several positive impacts, the introduction of the mechanised agricultural techniques led to uneven distribution of wealth. The industrial development was not done at the same pace of agricultural development, the Indian government had been reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border state with Pakistan.[27] The rapid increase in the higher education opportunities without adequate rise in the jobs resulted in the increase in the unemployment of educated youth.[12] The resulting unemployed rural Sikh youth were drawn to the militant groups, and formed the backbone of the militancy.[28]

Anandpur Sahib Resolution and Khalistan

After being routed in 1972 Punjab election, the Akali Dal put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution in 1973 to demand more autonomy to Punjab.[14] The resolution included both religious and political issues. It asked for recognising Sikhism as a religion It also demanded that power be generally devoluted from the Central to state governments.[12] The Anandpur Resolution was rejected by the government as a secessionist document. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to demands such as a larger share of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.[29]

Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the Anandpur Resolution passed, failing which he wanted to declare a separate country of Khalistan as a homeland for Sikhs.[16] Indira Gandhi, the leader of the Akali Dal's rival Congress, considered the Anandpur Sahib Resolution as a secessionist document although it was purely humanitarian and according to earlier promises by the government.[15] The Government was of the view that passing of the resolution would have allowed Punjab to be autonomous.

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and the Akalis
Main articles: Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and Akali Dal

Attempts were made by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi to prop up Bhindranwale to undermine the Akali Dal, a Sikh religious political party.[30][20] On 13 April 1978, the day to celebrate the birth of Khalsa, a Sant Nirankari convention was organized in Amritsar, with permission from the Akali state government. The practices of "Sant Nirankaris" sect of Nirankaris was considered as heretics by the orthodox Sikhism expounded by Bhindranwale.[30] From Golden Temple premises,[31] A procession of about two hundred Sikhs led by Bhindranwale and Fauja Singh of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha left the Golden Temple, heading towards the Nirankari Convention. In the ensuing violence seventeen people were killed.[32] A criminal case was filed and accused were acquitted on self defence.[33] The Punjab government Chief Minister Prakash Singh Badal decided not to appeal the decision.[34]

Bhindranwale increased his rhetoric against the enemies of Sikhs. A letter of authority was issued by Akal Takht to ostracize the Sant Nirankaris. A sentiment was created to justify extra judicial killings of the perceived enemies of Sikhism.[35] The chief proponents of this attitude were the Babbar Khalsa founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, whose husband Fauja Singh had been at the head of the march in Amritsar; the Damdami Taksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day of the outrage; the Dal Khalsa, formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state; and the All India Sikh Students Federation, which was banned by the government.

In the subsequent years following this event, several murders took place in Punjab and the surrounding areas by Bhindranwale's group and the new Babbar Khalsa.[33] The Babbar Khalsa terrorists took up residence in the Golden Temple, where they would retreat to, after committing "acts of punishment" on people against the orthodox Sikh tenets. Police did not entered the temple complex to avoid hurting the sentiments of Sikhs.[33] On 24 April 1980, The Nirankari head, Gurbachan was murdered.[36] Bhindranwale took residence in Golden Temple to escape arrest when he was accused of the assassination of Nirankari Gurbachan Singh.[37] Three years later, a member of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Ranjit Singh, surrendered and admitted to the assassination.

Pakistan involvement

In 1964, Pakistani state-owned radio station began airing separatist propaganda targeted for Sikhs in Punjab, which continued during the Indo-Pak war of 1965.[38] Pakistan had been helping the Sikh secessionist movement since the 1970s. The Pakistani prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had politically supported the idea of Khalistan wherever possible. Under Zia ul Haq, this support became even more prominent. The motive for supporting Khalistan was the revenge for India's role in splitting of Pakistan in 1971 and to discredit India's global status by splitting a Sikh state to vindicate Jinnah's Two-nation theory.[5] Zia had seen this as an opportunity to weaken and distract India in another war of insurgency following the Pakistani military doctrine to "Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts". Hamid Gul (who had led ISI) had stated about Punjab insurgency that "Keeping Punjab destabilized is equivalent to the Pakistan Army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers."[39]

Since the early 1980s, for the fulfillment of these motives, the spy agency Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan became involved with the Khalistan movement.[5] ISI created a special Punjab cell in its headquarter to support the militant Sikh followers of Bhindranwale and supply them with arms and ammunitions. Terrorist training camps were set up in Pakistan at Lahore and Karachi to train the young khalistanis. ISI deployed its Field Intelligence Units (FIU) on the Indo-Pak Border. The Bhindranwale Tiger Force, the Khalistan Commando Force, the Khalistan Liberation Force and the Babbar Khalsa were the major insurgent groups that were provided support.[5]

A three phase plan was followed by the Punjab cell of ISI.[5]

  • Phase 1 had the objective to initiate alienation of the Sikh people from rest of the people in India.
  • Phase 2 worked to subvert government organisation and organize mass agitations opposing the government.
  • Phase 3 marked the beginning of a reign of terror in Punjab where the civilians became victims of violence by the militants and counter-violence by the government, due to which a vicious cycle of terrorism would be induced and utter chaos would ensue.[5]

Sikh Religious bodies

The ISI had also apparently included the Panthic Committee in India as an additional partner. The five-membered Panthic Committee was elected from among the religious leaders of the Panth and acted as the upholders of the Sikh religion. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, which served as the custodians of all Sikh Shrines was also appealed by ISI.[5] SGPC was established through the Gurdwara Act of 1925 and had substantial financial resources. Both these Sikh committees had major political influence over Punjab and New Delhi.[5]

Sikhs in Pakistan were a small minority and the Panthic Committee in Pakistan assisted the propaganda campaign of ISI in its propaganda and psychological warfare. The Sikh community in the country and abroad were its target. Panthic Committee instigated Sikhs by delivering religious speeches and revealing incidents of torture to the Sikhs. Sikhs were instigated to take up arms against the Indian Government "in the name of a hypothetical autonomous Sikh nation".[5]

ISI used Pakistani Sikhs as partners for its operation in the Indian Punjab. The terrorist training program was spread over and the Sikh gurdwaras on both sides of International border were used as place for residence and armoury for storing weapons and ammunitions.[5]

The direct impact of these activities was felt during the Operation Blue Star where the Sikh insurgents fighting against the army were found to be well trained in warfare and had enough supply of ammunitions.[5] After the Operation Blue Star several modern weapons found inside the temple complex with the Pakistan or Chinese markings on them.[40]

Training and infrastructure

Pakistan has been deeply involved in the training, guiding, and arming Sikh militants.[5] Interrogation reports of Sikh militants arrested in India gave details of the training of Sikh youth in Pakistan including arms training in the use of rifles, sniper rifle, light machine gun, grenade, automatic weapons, chemical weapons, demolition of buildings and bridges, sabotage and causing explosions using gunpowder by the Pak-based Sikh militant leaders and Pakistani army officers. A dozen terrorist training camps had been set up in Pakistan along the International border. These camps housed 1500 to 2000 Sikh militants who were imparted guerilla warfare training.[38] These reports also suggest plans of ISI through Pak based terrorists to cause explosions in big cities like Amritsar, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Delhi and targeting politicians.[41][42] According to KPS Gill the terrorists mainly used crude bombs but since 1990s more modern explosives supplied by Pakistan had become widespread in usage among them. The number of casualties also increased with more explosives usage by the terrorists.[5]

Militancy

A section of Sikhs turned to militancy in Punjab; some Sikh militant groups aimed to create an independent state called Khalistan through acts of violence directed at members of the Indian government, army or forces. Others demanded an autonomous state within India, based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. A large numbers of Sikhs condemned the actions of the militants.[43]

Anthropological studies have identified fun, excitement and expressions of masculinity, as explanations for the young men to join militants and other religious nationalist groups. Puri et al. state that undereducated and illiterate young men, and with few job prospects had joined pro-Khalistan militant groups with “fun” as one of the primary reasons. It mentioned that the pursuit of Khalistan was the motivation for only 5% of “militants”.[44][45] The terrorists captured by the Indian Police had indicated a dominant criminal profile amongst them. Many terrorists were hard core criminals involved in major criminal cases before joining terrorism. Among the arrested terrorists were Harjinder Singh Jinda, who was a convicted bank robber and had escaped from prison, Devinder Singh Bai, a suspect in murder case and was Bhindranwale's close associate, and two drug smugglers, Upkar Singh and Bakshish Singh.[38]

According to Human Rights Watch in the beginning, on the 1980s, terrorists heinously committed indiscriminate bombings in crowded places.[46] In October 1983, government-employed Black cats, who regularly adopted insincere and sadistic tactics to defame the militants, stopped a bus and shot six Hindu passengers.[47] On the same day, in another location, a group of militants killed two officials during an attack on a train.[20]:174 Trains were attacked and people were shot after being pulled from buses.

The Congress(I)-led Central Government dismissed its own Punjab's government, declaring a state of emergency, and imposed the President's Rule in the state.[20]:175

Operation Bluestar

Operation Bluestar was an Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984, ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to remove religious leader Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar, Punjab.[48] In July 1983, the Sikh political party Akali Dal's President Harcharan Singh Longowal had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex.[49][22]Bhindranwale later on made the sacred temple complex an armoury and headquarter,[50] for his armed uprising for Khalistan.[51] In the violent events leading up to the Operation Blue Star since the inception of Akali Dharm Yudh Morcha, the militants had killed 165 Nirankaris, Hindus and Nirankaris, even 39 Sikhs opposed to Bhindranwale were killed. The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.[52]

Counter Intelligence reports of the Indian agencies had reported that three prominent heads of the Khalistan movement Shabeg Singh, Balbier Singh and Amrik Singh had made at least six trips each to Pakistan between the years 1981 and 1983.[5] Intelligence Bureau reported that weapons training was being provided at gurdwaras in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Soviet intelligence agency KGB reportedly tipped off the Indian agency RAW about the CIA and ISI working together on a Plan for Punjab with a code name "Gibraltar". RAW from its interrogation of a Pakistani Army officer received information that over a thousand trained Special Service Group commandos of the Pakistan Army had been dispatched by Pakistan into the Indian Punjab to assist Bhindranwale in his fight against the government. A large number of Pakistani agents also took the smuggling routes in the Kashmir and Kutch n for three days ending on 8 June. A clean-up operation codenamed as Operation Woodrose was also initiated throughout Punjab.[5]

The army had underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants. Militants had Chinese made rocket-propelled grenade launchers with armour piercing capabilities. Tanks and heavy artillery were used to attack the militants using anti-tank and machine-gun fire from the heavily fortified Akal Takht. After a 24-hour firefight, the army finally wrested control of the temple complex. Casualty figures for the Army were 83 dead and 249 injured.[53] According to the official estimate presented by the Indian government, 1592 were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties.[54]High civilian casualties were attributed to militants using pilgrims trapped inside the temple as human shields.[55]

Assassination of Indira Gandhi and anti-Sikh Riots

The Operation Bluestar was criticized by many Sikhs bodies, who interpreted the military action as an assault on Sikh religion.[56] Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh.[22]

Public outcry and instigation of the public by several high profile politicians and actors[57] over Gandhi's death led to the killings of more than 3,000 Sikhs in the ensuing 1984 anti-Sikh riots.[23] In the aftermath of the riots, the government reported that 20,000 had fled the city; the People's Union for Civil Liberties reported "at least" 1,000 displaced persons.[58] The most-affected regions were the Sikh neighbourhoods of Delhi. Human rights organisations and newspapers across India believed that the massacre was organised.[59][60][61] The collusion of political officials in the violence and judicial failure to penalise the perpetrators alienated Sikhs and increased support for the Khalistan movement.[62]

Rise in Sikh militancy

The Operation Blue Star and Anti-Sikh riots across Northern India were crucial events in the evolution of the Khalistan movement. The extremist groups grew in numbers and strength.[5] The financial funding from the Sikh diaspora sharply increased and the Sikhs in the US, UK and Canada donated thousands of dollars every week for the insurgency. Manbir Singh Chaheru the chief of the Sikh militant group Khalistan Commando Force admitted that he had received more than $60,000 from Sikh organisations operating in Canada and Britain. One of the militant stated, "All we have to do is commit a violent act and the money for our cause increased drastically."[63] Indira Gandhi's son and political successor, Rajiv Gandhi, tried unsuccessfully to bring peace to Punjab.[50]

The opportunity that the government had after 1984 was lost and by March 1986, the Golden temple was back in control of extremist Sikh organisation Damdami Taksal.[5] By 1985, the situation in Punjab had become highly volatile. In December 1986, a bus was attacked by Sikh militants in which 24 Hindus were shot dead and 7 were injured and shot near Khuda in the Hoshiarpur district of Punjab.[64] The Sikh militants, however, dissociated, insistently inculpating the Government-affiliated Black Cats.[65]

Weapons from Pakistan

By providing military support and modern sophisticated weapons to the Sikh extremists, the Pakistani ISI was efficacious in producing an environment which conducted guerilla warfare.[5] AK-47 provided by ISI was primarily used by the militants as an ideal weapon in their guerilla warfare, based on its superior performance in comparison to other weapons. While the Indian policemen fighting the militants had .303 Lee–Enfield rifles that were popular in the World war II and only a few of them had 7.62 1A self loading rifles. These weapons were outmatched by automatic AK-47s. Modern explosive arms were also supplied by the ISI.

A militant from Babbar Khalsa who had been arrested in the early 1990s had informed Indian authorities about Pakistani ISI plans to use aeroplanes for Kamikaze attacks on Indian installations. The Sikhs however refused to participate in such operations on religious grounds as Sikhism prohibits suicide assassinations.[5] In a hijacking in 1984 a German manufactured pistol was used and during the investigations, the German Intelligence Service BND confirmed that the weapon was part of a weapon consignment for Pakistani government. The American government had then issued warnings over the incident after which the series of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes had stopped.[5]

End of Violence

Between 1987 and 1991, Punjab was placed under an ineffective President's rule and was governed from Delhi. Elections were eventually held in 1992 but the voter turnout was poor. A new Congress(I) government was formed and it gave the Chief of the Punjab Police (India) K.P.S. Gill a free hand. Under his Command, police had launched multiple intelligence-based operations like Operation Black Thunder to neutralise Sikh militants. Police was also successful in killing multiple High-value terrorists thus suppressing the violence and putting an end to mass killings.[66]

Since 1993, the Punjab insurgency has petered out, with a last major incident being the Assassination of Chief Minister Beant Singh occurring in 1995.[5]

Timeline
Main article: Timeline of the insurgency in Punjab
Punjab Insurgancy Chronology Outline
DateEventSource
March 1972Akali Dal loses in Punjab elections, Congress wins.
17 October 1973Akalis ask for their rights through Anandpur Sahib Resolution
25 April 1980Gurbachan Singh of Sant Nirankari sect shot dead.
2 June 1980Akalis lose suspect election in Punjab[67]
16 Aug 1981Sikhs in Golden Temple meet foreign correspondent about there views on Khalistan[68]
9 Sep 1981Jagat Narain, Editor, Hind Samachar group murdered.[69]
29 Sep 1981Sikh Separatists murdered on Indian Jetliner, on its way to Pakistan, by Indian RAW Agents.[70]
11 Feb 1982US gives Visa to Jagjit Singh Chauhan.[71]
11 Apr 1982US Khalistani G.S. Dhillon Barred From India[72]
July 1982Sikh militants storm the parliament in a protest related to the deaths of 34 Sikhs who were tortured in police custody.[73]
4 Aug 1982Akalis demand autonomy and civil rights for Punjab[74]
11 Oct 1982Sikh stage protests at the Indian Parliament which is violently broken up[73]
Nov 1982Longowal threatens to disrupt Asian Games but Sikhs are mass arrested and abducted before reaching the games,protests disrupted[75]
27 Feb 1983Sikhs permitted to carry daggers in domestic flights[76]
23 April 1983Punjab Police Deputy Inspector General A. S. Atwal was shot dead as he left the Harmandir Sahib compound by a unknown gunman, widely believed to be anti-Damdami Taksal and anti-brindranwale Sikh group AKJ, who had also occupied the Darbar Sahib Complex with firearms[32]
3 May 1983Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, talks of violence being perpetuated against Sikhs without being reported since 1977 in Haryana, Rajasthan and some villages of South Punjab and for India to act[77]
18 June 1983A detective Inspector from Punjab police killed by Sikh militants.[78]
14 July 1983Four policemen killed by Sikh militants.[78]
21 September 1983Senior superintendent of Punjab Police wounded and his guard killed by Sikh militants.[78]
29 September 19835 Punjab Police constables killed by Sikh militants in a week.[78]
14 Oct 19833 people killed at a Hindu festival in Chandigarh[79]
5 Oct 19836 Hindu passengers dragged off bus and shot dead in 1983 Dhilwan bus massacre.[80][78]
6 Oct 1983President's rule imposed in Punjab[78]
Oct 19833 Hindus pulled off a train and killed.[81]
21 Oct 1983A passenger train was derailed and 19 agricultural labourers from Bihar were killed by Sikh militants along with 2 other passengers.[78]
18 Nov 1983A bus was hijacked and 4 Hindu passengers were killed by Sikh militants.[78]
9 Feb 1984A Hindu wedding procession in Hambran of Ludhiana district bombed by Sikh militants. 14 reported dead.[82]
14 Feb 1984Six policemen abducted from a post in Amritsar and one of them killed in captivity.[32]
14 Feb 1984More than 12 people killed in Sikh-Hindu riots in Punjab and Haryana.[78]
19 Feb 1984Sikh-Hindu clashes spread in North India.[83]
23 Feb 198411 Hindus killed and 24 injured by Sikh militants.[84]
25 Feb 19846 Hindus killed in a bus by Sikh militants, total 68 people killed over last 11 days.[85]
29 Feb 1984By this time, Bhindranwale still openely speaks of first seeking civil rights for Sikhs and Punjab before seeking Khalistan, as opposed to the AKJ group.[86]
28 March 1984Harbans Singh Manchanda, the Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee (DSGMC) president murdered.[87]
3 April 1984Militants popularity grows and so does instability in Punjab.[88]
8 April 1984Longowal writes – he cannot control Bhindranwale anymore[89]
14 April 1984Surinder Singh Sodhi, a follower of Bhindranwale, shot dead at a temple by a man and a woman.[90]
17 April 1984Deaths of 3 Sikh Activists in factional fighting.[91]
27 May 1984Ferozepur politician killed by Sikh militants after confessing to fake police encounters with "terrorist" killings.[92]
1 June 1984Total media and the press black out in Punjab, the rail, road and air services in Punjab suspended. Foreigners' and NRIs' entry was also banned and water and electricity supply cut off.[93][94][95]
1 June 1984Operation Blue Star to remove militants from Harmandir Sahib commences, Punjab shut-down from outside world.[96]
3 June 1984Army takes control of Punjab's security.[97]
6 June 19845 Day-Long battle over control of the Golden Temple concludes.[98][99]
6 June 1984Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale shot dead by military.[100]
7 June 1984Indian military finally take full control of Harmandir Sahib after 8 days. Operation Bluestar concludes.[101]
8 June 198427 Sikhs killed in protests in Srinagar, Ludhiana, Amritsar after Government forces indiscriminately fired on protesters.[102]
9 June 1984Weapons and Ammunition of Sikh militants inside the Golden Temple seized by Indian troops. 2 Indian troops and 4 militants killed in shootout on the outskirts of Amritsar.[103]
10 June 1984Reports of Anti-Sikh riots and killings in Delhi.[104]
11 June 1984Negotiators close to a settlement on waters.[105]
24 August 19847 Sikh militants abduct 100 passengers in 1984 Indian Airlines Airbus A300 hijacking.[106]
31 October 1984Indira Gandhi assassinated by her 2 Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh in retaliation for Operation Bluestar.[107]
1 November 1984In the retaliation of Indira Gandhi's assassination, 1984 anti-Sikh riots begin in Delhi.[59]
3 November 1984Anti-Sikh violence concludes. A total of 2,733 Sikhs were killed in the violence.[59]
23 June 1985Air India Flight 182 was bombed by Sikh terrorists killing 329 passengers (including 22 crew members); almost all of them Hindus
20 August 1985Harcharan Singh Longowal assassinated by Sikh militants.[108]
29 September 1985 60% vote, Akali Dal won 73 of 115 seats, Barnala CM[109]
26 January 1986 Sikhs have a global meeting and the rebuilding of Akal Takht declared as well as the five member Panthic Committee selected and have draft of the Constitution of Khalistan written.[110]
29 April 1986 Resolution of Khalistan passed by Sarbat Khalsa and Khalistan Commando Force also formed at Akal Takht with more than 80,000 Sikhs present.[111]
25 July 1986 14 Hindus and one Sikh passenger killed in the 1986 Muktsar Bus massacre by Sikh militants.[112]
30 November 1986 24 Hindu passengers killed in the 1986 Hoshiarpur Bus massacre by Sikh militants.[113]
19 May 1987State Committee Member CPI(M) Comrade Deepak Dhawan was murdered at Village Sangha, Tarn Taran.[114]
7 July 1987Sikh militants from Khalistan Commando Force attacked two buses. They singled out and killed 34 Hindu bus passengers in 1987 Haryana killings.[115]
12 May 1988Operation Black Thunder II initiated to remove militants from Harmandir Sahib.[116]
10 January 1990Senior Superintendent of Batala Police, Gobind Ram, killed in bomb blast in retaliation for him and his Hindu police officers along with the BSF gang-raping Sikh women during a search on Gora Choor village.[117][118]
16 June 199180 people killed on two trains by Sikh militants.[119]
17 October 199140 people killed and 197 injured in 1991 Rudrapur bombings by Sikh militants in Uttarakhand. All of the victims were Hindu civilians.
25 February 1992Congress achieves a major victory in Punjab Assembly elections.[120]
7 January 1993Punjab's biggest police encounter done in village of Chhichhrewal Tehsil Batala; 11 Khalistani militants were successfully eliminated.

[121]

3 September 1995 CM of Punjab Beant Singh killed in bomb blast by Sikh militants.[122]

See also

References
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