Jacques Francis

Jacques Francis (born c. 1527) was an African salvage diver who led the expedition to salvage King Henry VIII's guns from the Mary Rose. He was the first African to give evidence in 1548 before a court. He was accused of being a 'slave' and an 'infidel' in an attempt to discredit his evidence, but he was paid wages so he was not a slave and furthermore, slaves weren't allowed to give evidence in court.[1]

Biography

Francis was born around 1527 and he is known to be of African descent the Arguin Island. It is understood he was from Arguin Island, Mauretania however, records at the time described him as a "Guinea diver", and exceptionally talented.[2][3] He had been bought by Piero Corsi, who was leading 1546 salvage of the Mary Rose, following an unsuccessful attempt to raise the ship.[2]

Francis and his team were also tasked with salvaging valuables from the Sancta Maria and Sanctus Edwardus merchant ship which sank off the coast of Southampton.[4] During this expedition, Corsi was accused by Domenico Erizzo of theft.[5]

As Francis was lead diver in the expedition, he was an important witness in the matter of the theft, however his race and status lead to controversy on whether or not he could be called as a witness.[2] In February 1548 he became the first known African to speak in an English court.[6][7] Francis described himself as Corsi's "famulus" (assistant) rather than a slave.[5]

Despite being the first black person to be recorded in court, his legal recognition during the trial did not set a precedent towards the legal status of black individuals in the future.[2]

References
  1. p.33, Black Tudors, Miranda Kaufmann, St. Ives, England: Clays Ltd.
  2. Costello, Ray (10 October 2019). "Francis, Jacques [also known as Jaques Frauncys] (b. 1527?)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  3. Davey, James (2018). "Jacques Francis". Tudor and Stuart Seafarers: The Emergence of a Maritime Nation, 1485-1707. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472956774. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  4. "JACQUES FRANCIS: FROM A SKILLED GUINEAN DIVER TO THE FIRST AFRICAN WITNESS IN AN ENGLISH COURT". Think Africa. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  5. Costello, Ray (2012). Black salt : seafarers of African descent on British ships. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781781386200. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  6. "BLACK TUDORS…A peek into the lives of ten people of the African Diaspora who lived in Tudor Britain". Black History. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  7. Ungerer, Gustav (2005). "Recovering a black African's voice in an English lawsuit: Jacques Francis and the salvage operations of the Mary Rose and the Sancta Maria and Sanctus Edwardus, 1545-ca 1550". Gale. Associated University Presses. Retrieved 9 May 2020.


Transcripts of Francis' appearance in court - "Black Settlers in Tudor Times". Black Presence. The National Archives. Retrieved 9 May 2020.

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