Javanese orthography
Javanese Latin alphabet is Latin alphabet used for writing the Javanese language. Prior to the introduction of Latin alphabet, Javanese was written in Javanese script (hanacaraka) or Arabic-based Pegon alphabet.
The alphabet is generally the same as the Indonesian alphabet. There are six digraphs: dh, kh, ng, ny, sy, and th, and two letters with diacritics: é and è.
Alphabet
| Letter | Name | Letter | Name | Letter | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A a | a | J j | jé | S s | ès |
| B b | bé | K k | ka | T t | té |
| C c | cé | L l | èl | U u | u |
| D d | dé | M m | èm | V v | fé |
| E e | é | N n | èn | W w | wé |
| F f | èf | O o | o | X x | èks |
| G g | gé | P p | pé | Y y | yé |
| H h | ha | Q q | ki | Z z | zèt |
| I i | i | R r | èr |
| Letter | Sound (IPA) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Aa | /a/ | |
| /ɔ/ | In open final syllables, or open penultimates followed by another open <Aa>. Depends on dialect. Sometimes written as <Oo>. | |
| Bb | /b̥/ | |
| Cc | /tʃ/ | |
| Dd | /d̪̥/ | |
| Ee | /ə/ | |
| /e/ | In open syllables. Sometimes <Èè> is used to distinguish it from /ə/ | |
| /ɛ/ | In closed syllable, or when followed by an open /i u/. Sometimes <Éé> is used to distinguish it from /ə/ | |
| Ff | /f/ | Only used in loanwords |
| Gg | /ɡ̊/ | |
| Hh | /h/ | |
| Ii | /i/ | In open syllables. |
| /ɪ/ | In closed syllable. | |
| Jj | /dʒ̊/ | |
| Kk | /k/ | |
| Ll | /l/ | |
| Mm | /m/ | |
| Nn | /n/ | |
| Oo | /o/ | In open syllables. |
| /ɔ/ | In closed syllable, or when followed by an open /i u/. | |
| Pp | /p/ | |
| /q/ | Only used in loanwords. | |
| Rr | /r/ | |
| Ss | /s/ | |
| Tt | /t̪/ | |
| Uu | /u/ | In open syllables. |
| /ʊ/ | In closed syllables. | |
| Vv | /v/ | Only used in loanwords. |
| Ww | /w/ | |
| Xx | /x/ | Only used in loanwords. |
| Yy | /j/ | |
| Zz | /z/ | Only used in loanwords. |
| Digraph | Sound (IPA) | Notes |
| Dh | /ɖ̥/ | |
| Ng | /ŋ/ | |
| Ny | /ɲ/ | |
| Th | /ʈ/ | |
Relation with Javanese script
- (h)a - ꦲ or ꦄ (A)
- b(a) - ꦧ
- c(a) - ꦕ
- d(a) - ꦢ
- dh(a) - ꦝ
- é and è - ꦲꦺ or ꦌ (É/È)
- (h)e - ꦲꦼ
- f(a) - foreign letter ꦥ꦳
- g(a) - ꦒ
- h(a) - ꦲ
- (h)i - ꦲꦶ or ꦆ (I)
- j(a) - ꦗ
- k(a) - ꦏ
- l(a) - ꦭ
- m(a) - ꦩ
- n(a) - ꦤ
- ny(a) - ꦚ
- ng(a) - ꦔ
- (h)o - ꦲꦺꦴ or ꦎ (O)
- p(a) - ꦥ
- q(a) - Sasak letter ꦐ
- r(a) - ꦫ
- s(a) - ꦱ
- t(a) - ꦠ
- th(a) - ꦛ
- (h)u - ꦲꦸ or ꦈ (U)
- v(a) - foreign letter ꦮ꦳
- w(a) - ꦮ
- x(a) - Approximated by ꦏ꧀ꦱ
- y(a) - ꦪ
- z(a) - foreign letter ꦗ꦳
See also
Reference
- (in Indonesian) Pedoman Bahasa Jawa yang Disempurnakan (1977)
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