Jean Mermoz

Jean Mermoz (9 December 1901, Aubenton, Aisne – 7 December 1936) was a French aviator,[1][2] viewed as a hero by other pilots such as Saint-Exupery,[3] and in his native France,[4] where many schools bear his name.[5] In Brazil, he also is recognized as a pioneer aviator.

Jean Mermoz, 1935

Career

In 1920 he met Max Delby, a teacher who helped him develop his career, and in April 1921 he flew as a pilot for the first time.

French Air Force

Mermoz joined the French Air Force in 1922, being assigned, as a pilot of the air force's 11th regiment, to duty in Syria.[6] In 1924, he returned to France, having arguably been one of the most successful pilots in the Syrian operations. Mermoz relocated to Toulouse.

Latécoère
The Couzinet 70, "Arc-en-Ciel", F-AMBV, flown by Mermoz

Mermoz went on to become an airmail pilot,[7] with Latécoère's company, and almost failed his entry exam by performing dangerous stunts to impress the director. (The director, Didier Daurat had this famous quote: "We don't need acrobats here, we need bus drivers.") He then did a normal, flawless flight and was hired. It was there that Mermoz met Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. At the Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, Mermoz travelled to Morocco, Senegal and other African areas.

In 1926, one of Mermoz's flights ended with an accident, when his plane crashed in the Sahara. He was then taken hostage by a group of rebel Tuaregs, but was fortunately found later alive.[8]

A Latécoère 25 in the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina, in the livery of Aeroposta Argentina

In 1927, Latécoère began building his own brand of planes to replace the aging World War I aircraft Breguet 14. The Latécoère 25, (or "Laté 25") and, later, the Latécoère 26 and Latécoère 28 proved to be efficient aircraft when flying from Morocco to Senegal, and Mermoz himself flew the types on those routes on multiple occasions.

But Africa was only the beginning. Latécoère's project was to create a direct airline between France and South America. By 1929, it had become evident that it would be economically viable for France to establish a commercial air route to South America, so Mermoz and others flew over the Andes. Despite Mermoz finding the flying conditions over the Andes to be tough, he became the project's main pilot, determined to reach the Pacific Ocean, and he was able, after multiple stops, to reach Santiago, Chile. During that time, to save time, he decided to fly during the night, using light beacons and flares as guides; and his fellow pilots, for once, were a bit reluctant to see him do it, because they knew it would be their turn next. For some time, as transatlantic flights were not yet possible, steamboats linked both halves of the "Line".

Mermoz, between Victor Etienne and Guillaumet; Río de Janeiro.

After flying from Saint-Louis, in Senegal, to Natal, Brazil, in 12–13 May 1930, the line was complete at last. Unfortunately, the modified Laté 28 "Comte-de-la-Vaulx" did not prove reliable enough, and had to ditch at sea during the return flight. Mermoz, his two companions and the mail were rescued, but the plane sank during the attempt to tow it.

Air France

In 1933, Mermoz was appointed general inspector by Air France. That same year, he arrived in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he and Saint-Exupéry became important persons during the infancy of Aeroposta Argentina, which would later become Aerolíneas Argentinas. Mermoz and Saint-Exupéry flew many dangerous flights for the then new air company. They became regarded as two of the most important men in the history of Argentine commercial aviation. From 1934 to 1936, Mermoz would fly private expeditions on Latécoère 300 airplanes. He flew 24 expeditions with that type. In 1935, he also flew de Havilland DH.88 "Comet" airplanes.

Disappearance at sea
Latécoère 300 Croix-du-Sud

On 7 December 1936 he turned back shortly after take-off to report a troublesome engine on his Latécoère 300 Croix-du-Sud (Southern Cross).[9][10] After learning that he would have to wait for another one to be prepared, he took off again in the same plane after a quick repair, concerned that he would be late in delivering the mail. (His last words before boarding the plane were "Quick, let's not waste time anymore.")

Four hours later, the radio station received a short message, where Mermoz reported that he had to cut the power on the aft starboard engine. The message was interrupted abruptly. No further messages were received, and neither the Laté 300 nor the crew were ever recovered.

It is assumed that the engine they had tried to repair lost its propeller midflight, and being one of the aft engines, the loose propeller either badly damaged or cut the hull entirely, causing the plane to lose its tail and crash instantly. Henri Guillaumet, one of Mermoz's fellow pilots, had encountered the same problem a few months before, but as his own engine was on the forward side, airspeed had been sufficient to maintain the propeller in place until the landing.

Sabotage of the "Southern Cross"

In 1941, the Investigative Commission of Anti-National Activities of the Parliament of Uruguay, after denunciations filed before the Deputy Tomas Brena and Julio Iturbide, arrives at the surprising conclusion of the last two airmail flights of Air France, and with result the death of Collenot first and Mermoz later, they were the result of sabotage of the Nazi Fifth Column (National German Socialist Workers Party operating in Uruguay). The air mail bags transported the technical and economic proposals for the bidding of the so-called Obra del Río Negro in Uruguay, the international tender carried out in three calls in 1936, for the construction of the Rincón del Bonete hydroelectric plant. The tender only receives Offers or proposals from the Siemens Bauunion and Philipp Holzmann AG consortium in Germany, and SKODA WORKS from Austria. This and other tricks, such as false news and bribes, were used by Nazi Germany, to get rid of the other proposals under way, and force the bidding to be declared void.[11]

The crew of Latécoère 300 Croix-du-Sud, F-AKGF, on that day were:

  • Jean Mermoz, Pilot
  • Alexandre Pichodou, Copilot
  • Henri Ezan, Navigator
  • Edgar Cruveilher, Radio Officer
  • Jean Lavidalie, Mechanic

An unreliable plane

Mermoz had grown dissatisfied with the quality of the planes he and his companions had to pilot. In the months before his demise, he had been vocal about the aircraft's poor quality in both design and material, and was quoted saying "Ask me to pilot anything, even a wheelbarrow, but at one condition: make sure it is solid". A similar plane, Laté 301 F-AOIK Ville-de-Buenos-Aires, had disappeared eight months before his own, causing the death, among others, of his mechanic and friend Collenot. The complicated Hispano-Suiza 12Ner engines thought to be the cause of both crashes were later decommissioned and replaced with older, more reliable ones. His message had been heard too late.

Tributes
France
South America
  • A French lycée in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is named after him. The Lycée Franco-Argentin Jean Mermoz, a bilingual school, is located in the intersection of Ramsay and Juramento streets in Belgrano neighbourhood.
  • A monument to Jean Mermoz exists in the proximity to Jorge Newbery Airpark in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[13]
  • One of the ATR-72 airliners (CX-JCL) in the fleet of BQB Líneas Aéreas is named after Jean Mermoz.[14]
  • Lycée franco-chilien "Alliance Française" Jean-Mermoz
Africa
Other
  • His epic flights over the Andes and across the Atlantic were commemorated in a film (Mermoz) for which Arthur Honegger wrote the music score. Two orchestral suites drawn from the score were recorded in the 1990s on CD and issued on the DG and Marco Polo labels.

Writings
  • Mes vols (Flammarion, 1937) : an unfinished collection of memories (« My Flights ») published shortly after his death, along with short homages from his best-known friends and admirers.
  • Défricheur du ciel (Bernard Marck (ed.), Archipel, 2006) : edition of Mermoz's correspondence from 1921 to his death in 1936.

References

Notes
  1. "Biography of Jean Mermoz". www.historymuseum.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  2. "L'accident de Jean Mermoz dans les Andes". www.argentina-excepcion.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  3. "Jean Mermoz, légende de l'aviation et militant des Croix-de-Feu". RetroNews - Le site de presse de la BnF (in French). 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  4. Bonniel, Marie-Aude; Bonniel, Marie-Aude (2016-12-06). "Mermoz, pilote de légende de l'Aéropostale, disparaît le 7 décembre 1936". Le Figaro.fr (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  5. "Jean Mermoz (1901 - 1936)". www.sps-aviation.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  6. Bernier, Robert (2019-08-16). "Triumphs and Ultimate Tragedy of the French Lindbergh". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  7. Limited, Bangkok Post Public Company (2018-12-20). "100 years ago, airmail took flight". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  8. "10 All-Time Great Pilots". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  9. "Jean Mermoz : une biographie illustrée du "Grand"". aerostories.free.fr. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  10. Simpson, Aislinn (2009-06-02). "Air France crash: mystery of plane disappearances". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  11. Hugo Fernández Artucio (1942). The Nazi Underground in South America.
  12. Sitnikow, Valérie (20 October 2001). "Révolution artistique au Jardin Royal". La Dépêche du Midi. Retrieved 19 February 2019 (in French).
  13. "Ley CABA Nº: 3479/2010 - Mermoz Jean. Monumento. Avdas. Sarmiento y Costanera Rafael Obligado. Traslado". Ciudad y Derechos (in Spanish). 2010-08-17. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  14. "CX-JCL "Jean Mermoz" - ATR 72-212A Buquebus [BQB] Aeroparque (video)". DragTimes (in Spanish). December 7, 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-23.

Bibliography
  • Mermoz, Jean. Défricheur du ciel : correspondance, 1923-1936 assembled and presented by Bernard Marck. Paris: L'Archipel, 2001.
  • Mermoz, Jean. Mes vols. preface by Gilbert Louis; notes by Bernard Marck. Paris: Flammarion, 2001.
  • Heimermann, Benoît & Margot, Olivier. L'Aéropostale preface by Jean-Claude Killy. Paris: Arthaud, 1994.
  • Kessel, Joseph. "Mermoz", Gallimard, 1938

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