Jeffrey Steele (artist)

He grew up in Cardiff, Wales, the son of a slate fireplace enameller, Arthur, and Enid (née Washer), a Woolworth's salesgirl. He studied at Cardiff and Newport art colleges, but had a series of quarrels with the teaching staff there and did not gain a formal qualification. During the 1950s he maintained a studio in Cardiff and experimented with representational styles.

As a pacifist, he was a conscientious objector to National Service;[1]he was originally exempted only from combatant military service, but on appeal he was exempted from any military service, conditional upon performing civilian work.[2]

During the 1950s Steele worked figuratively while being employed as a Rediffusion radio technician and also engaging in a programme of self-education in European languages and philosophy, as well as art. He was particularly influenced by the allegorical style of Stanley Spencer (1891–1959). Steele's painting Christ Carrying the Cross (1952-3, set in Adamsdown, Cardiff) was shown at the Royal Academy in London in summer 1953 and caused controversy in his home town because of its satirical message.[3][4] Steele took a studio and later a flat in High Street, Cardiff, which became a meeting point for his artistic and intellectual contemporaries in the city. He also lived in London in 1956–57, working as a storeman at the Stoll Theatre until its demolition.

Steele had been studying Cézanne, Cubism and the Abstract Expressionists but said later: "I mistrusted the deliberate bypassing of the thinking part of the mind which gestural painting entails and some love of the philosophical method of Descartes predisposed me towards a rational and austere form."[5]

In 1959 he won a French government scholarship to study in Paris, initially for three months. There he visited the show "Antagonismes" at the musée des Arts décoratifs, and saw the work of Auguste Herbin (1882–1960), Max Bill, Richard Paul Lohse (1902–1988), the Venezuelan Jesús Rafael Soto (1923–2005) and, especially influential for Steele, Victor Vasarely.[1] He determined to start afresh and when he returned to Cardiff he destroyed all figurative work in his possession.

He started with what could not be eliminated while still being an artist making pictures: the two essentials, first a blank white (when primed) canvas, and second, an element (or elements) of black, these two (figure and ground) interacting with each other. From this simplest possible binary situation he built up a new practice, beginning with depictions of ovoid forms.

Each work is underlaid by its own set of mathematic relationships that, once chosen intuitively, determines the elements depicted to produce a unified, harmonious whole, which is independent of any outside object (as in figurative art) or the artist's emotions (as in Abstract Expressionism). Typically, equal vertical and horizontal divisions of the canvas are cut through with intersecting diagonals, and new lines taken from intersections, to produce a system of superimposed grids or nets. On these are built the shapes, lines, curves, blocks of colour or spatial divisions that form the elements of the picture. The elements are repeated but subject to the effects of incremental changes according to logical progressions. They interact and interpenetrate to allow the viewer to make new, multiple connections and see new patterns. As in a half-tone photograph, the image appears to be more meaningful than the elements that make it up. This effect, says the critic Gloria Carnevali, can be seen as forming "a new third dimension, one that exists between the painting and the observer", even a "new pictorial space".[5] The use in Steele's work of elements in balanced opposition, and the tilted axes arising from the diagonals, produce symmetrical wholes that are not static but dynamic, complex and full of apparent movement, especially rotational, the eye eventually returning to its starting point before beginning a new journey around the picture.

While modern in their pure abstraction, purged of references to the world outside the picture, Steele's works, in their systems of proportion, balance and measurement, in their use of geometric forms (particularly circles and polygons such as triangles and squares), and in their strong contrasts of light and dark (chiaroscuro) in their composition, are prefigured by much older art and architecture, and have a timeless quality.[6] Steele's aim is visual experimentation and investigation, to answer questions such as "what would that look like?", a journey in collaboration with the viewer on the basis of equal status. The result, while being potentially satisfying, interesting and appealing for a viewer, is not primarily intended to provide aesthetic pleasure and sensory enjoyment ("I like that"), or to elicit an emotionally sympathetic response or admiration for the artist's skill or insight ("That's good"), or to satisfy the art market. The artist is kept firmly in the background.[7]

In a statement concerning his work Steele proposes "to abolish as far as possible subjective, contingent and random factors in favour of a principle of necessity; to develop a pictorial context conforming to this principle and to render this principle as intelligible as possible".[8]

Steele's painting Baroque Experiment – Fred Maddox (1962/63) featured prominently in a Time magazine article on Op-art, "Pictures that Attack the Eye", in October 1964. It was then shown in "The Responsive Eye", an exhibition of mainly Op-art in the Museum of Modern Art in New York in February–April 1965, organised by William Seitz, which also included work by the British artists Michael Kidner (1917–2009) and Bridget Riley (1931–).[9] Steele spent three weeks in the city, meeting critics and artists such as Josef Albers, Fritz Glarner (1899–1972), Richard Huelsenbeck (1892–1974), Ad Reinhardt (1913–1967) and Andy Warhol (1928–87), visiting galleries and staying in the Chelsea Hotel. He was interviewed by the film-maker Brian De Palma (1940–) for his documentary about the exhibition.[10] He has been identified with the Op-art movement because he has worked in black and white, especially in the 1960s, and his paintings feature clear, hard edges, sharp, even dazzling contrasts, figure-ground ambiguity and kinetic effects. However Steele's aim is not to exploit optical illusions for spectacular effect, such as to produce retinal after-images to cause visual disturbance or interference, reversible perspective (objects that seem to both advance and recede), the illusion of vibration and shimmer – all derided as tricks or gimmicks by some art critics. In Steele's work any such distortions are the side-effects of the underlying systems of his works.[11][12]

Steele was a member of 56 Group Wales from 1963 to 1974, and a life / honorary member since 1974.[13]

Steele was a founder member of the Systems group of artists along with Malcolm Hughes (1920–1997) in December 1969. The group included Michael Kidner, Gillian Wise (1936–), Peter Lowe (1938–), Colin Jones (1934–), David Saunders (1936–), Jean Spencer (1942–1998), Richard Allen (1933–99), John Ernest (1922–1994) and others. The group arose through an exhibition of nine artists, "Systeemi-System", organised by Steele and his then wife, the textile designer Arja Nenonen (1936–2011), at the Amos Anderson Museum in Helsinki, capital of Nenonen's native Finland, in 1969. The exhibition was subtitled by Steele "An Exhibition of Syntactic Art from Britain", the word "syntactic" referring to the work "being constructed from a vocabulary of largely geometric forms in accordance with pre-determined and often mathematically-based systems".[6] The Helsinki show was followed by a similar one called "Matrix" at the Arnolfini Gallery in Bristol and the 1972/3 Arts Council touring exhibition "Systems" which opened at the Whitechapel Gallery in London in March 1972. This was followed by "Systems II" at the Polytechnic of Central London in 1973. Individual members showed at the Lucy Milton gallery in Notting Hill, London, up to 1975, and in continental Europe during the 1970s and afterwards. The group ceased to exist in 1976 following political disagreements, but a number of its members remained on friendly terms and exhibited together.[14]

The Arts Council of Great Britain put on a touring exhibition of 15 artists called "Constructive Context" in 1978-9, curated by Stephen Bann, which brought together members of the former Systems group, and Gillian Wise organised a constructivist section in the 1978 Hayward annual exhibition.

Between the two groups of Systems-related exhibitions (in the 1970s and the revival of interest in 2005–2008), Steele and other former members of the group and related artists continued to exhibit widely in continental Europe, eastern Europe and Russia, and had works bought for public collections there.[6] However in the UK the attention of the art world shifted to conceptualism. Steele and his associates may also have suffered from a perception of their art as cold or inscrutable. Furthermore the group has also been associated with the political left and Russian Constructivism of the early Soviet era, and many of its members (including Steele) see a strong affinity between their art and Marxism. But at a time when the Cold War was raging and Thatcherism was in the ascendancy the work of Steele and his contemporaries did not find general favour in UK art circles. Meanwhile it was also distrusted by many on the revolutionary left as allegedly elitist, being not readily appreciated by the masses.[15] He was a leading member of the professional association called "Group Proceedings" that was intended for artists to theorise art practices,[16] also during his time at Portsmouth Fine Art Department. At Portsmouth he led the seminar "Some Questions Concerning Fine Art and the Propagation of Ideas by Means of Images" which became known, due to its Marxist content, (affectionately and otherwise) as the "Ideology Course", from which there are extensive papers and one of the direct and indirect outcomes of this is the theoretical work of Gary Tedman[17] and Iona Singh.[18]

After the "Constructive Context" exhibition of 1978-9 it was not until 2005 that a similar exhibition was held. This was at Southampton City Art Gallery, called "Elements of Abstraction: Space, Line and Interval in Modern British Art", curated by Professor Brandon Taylor and Dr Alan Fowler of Winchester School of Art. This was followed by "Towards a Rational Aesthetic: Constructive Art in Post-war Britain" at the Osborne Samuel Gallery in London in 2007 and "A Rational Aesthetic", a second exhibition at Southampton City Art Gallery in 2008. All of these featured the work of Steele and like-minded artists. The 2008 show also featured the work of Anthony Hill (1930–) and Kenneth Martin (1905–1984), who along with his wife, Mary Martin (1907–69), and Victor Pasmore (1908–98) was a leading figure in the revival of Constructivism in Britain and America in the 1940s, forerunners of the Systems group.

Steele has been married twice, to Glenda Reynolds with whom he had two children, Simon (born 1958) and Tamara (born 1959), and to the Finnish artist-weaver Arja Nenonen. After his second marriage ended he had a relationship with the artist Judy Clark, with whom he had a daughter, the artist Clara Clark.[19]

Steele has been interviewed extensively by the researcher Cathy Courtney for the Artists' Lives section of the British Library's National Life Stories project. The British Library also holds a collection of video recordings made by Steele in his home and studio between 1997 and 2011.[20]

Steele lives and works in Southsea, Hampshire.[19]

• jeffreysteele.co.uk: Website devoted to the artist and his work
• 19 paintings by or after Jeffrey Steele at the Art UK site: Some of Steele's work in public collections in the UK
• Brian De Palma (director) (1966). The Responsive Eye (Motion picture). Event occurs at 07:54. Interview with Steele on the opening night of The Responsive Eye exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1965.
• Gordon Hyatt (writer and producer), Mike Wallace (presenter) (1965). The Responsive Eye (Television production). Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (Available on YouTube in three sections.)