John Birch (Roundhead)

John Birch was born 7 September 1615, second but eldest surviving son of Samuel and Mary Birch. His father was a wealthy Presbyterian merchant, who owned Ardwick Manor, outside Manchester. He had two brothers, Samuel (1621-1683), and Thomas (1633-1700).[2] He moved to Bristol in 1633, where he set up as a wine merchant.[3]

Birch married Alice Deane (died 1671), daughter of a Bristol merchant. They had five children who lived to adulthood; John (ca. 1647 – after 1683), Samuel (died 1704), Mary (ca. 1645–1728), Elizabeth and Sarah (died 1702). There were no children from his second marriage to Winifred Norris, who died in 1717.[3]

Goodrich Castle, captured by Birch in June 1646

When the First English Civil War began in 1642, Birch was a captain in the Bristol militia, and served in the Parliamentarian garrison. In the early stages, some viewed it as a break from routine, with better pay and rations than in civilian life; he later recorded some were concerned it might end too soon.[4]

When the Royalists captured the town in June 1643, the garrison was given a pass to London. With the help of Sir Arthur Haselrig, Birch was commissioned in the army commanded by William Waller, and quickly proved an energetic and courageous officer. In November 1643, he served in the first Siege of Basing House, and was slightly wounded in the Battle of Alton on 13 December. Less than a week later, he was shot in the stomach in an assault on Arundel Castle, allegedly surviving only because the cold weather stemmed the flow of blood.[5]

After recovering, he took part in the Battle of Cheriton in March 1644; at Cropredy Bridge in June, he commanded the rearguard that held the bridge long enough for Waller's main force to retreat. He later served in Wales and the south-west, and led the attack that took Hereford on 17 December 1645. He fought at Stow-on-the-Wold in March 1646, and captured Goodrich Castle in June, just before the war ended.[6]

In September 1646, Birch was elected to fill a vacancy as MP for Leominster. He was appointed High steward of Leominster in 1648, and invested heavily in purchasing church lands, which made him extremely wealthy.[7] Disputes over a peace settlement with Charles I, and religious policy split Parliament between moderates like Birch, and more radical religious Independents such as Oliver Cromwell. They dominated the New Model Army and included his cousin Thomas Birch. Although he did not take part in the Second English Civil War, he was excluded from Parliament in Pride's Purge of 6 December 1648.[8]

Although he met with Charles II prior to the Battle of Worcester in September 1651, Birch avoided direct participation; this may have been due to the influence of his cousin Thomas, who remained loyal to the Protectorate. He retained his Leominster seat throughout the Commonwealth, although he was not allowed to take his seat, and later claimed to have been arrested 21 times. After the 1660 Restoration, he was removed as High Steward of Leominster, and forced to sell his lands back to the church, ending his influence in the area. However, in 1661 he was returned as MP for Penryn, in the Cavalier Parliament.[7]

Samuel Pepys, who worked with Birch on reviewing naval costs

Although he never held high political office, Birch sat on numerous committees, especially those connected to public spending and taxes, where he proved a relentless and astute auditor. His presence on the committee to review naval expenditure after the Second Anglo-Dutch War brought him into contact with Pepys, who noted he "do take it upon him to defend us, and do mightily do me right in all his discourse".[9]

The 1662 Act of Uniformity expelled Presbyterians from the Church of England, who thus became Protestant Nonconformists. They included John, and his brother Samuel (1621-1680), who was evicted from his parish of Bampton as a result.[10] However, Birch voted for the 1673 Test Act, which required holders of public office holders to be Anglicans, and became a member of the church. This was largely due to his opposition to Catholicism, and in the Exclusion Crisis, he supported barring Charles' Catholic brother James from the throne.[7]

Birch purchased Garnstone Manor, Weobly, in 1661, giving him control of its Parliamentary seat. First elected in 1679, he held it until his death in 1691, with the exception of 1685, when he stood down following the accession of James II. He regained it after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, and was prominent in debates over the Bill of Rights and the Revolutionary settlement.[10]

His last recorded Parliamentary appearance was in April 1690; he died at home on 10 May 1691, and was buried at St Peter and St Paul's, Weobley. The railings around his monument extended into the altar space, and were removed in 1694 by Gilbert Ironside, Bishop of Hereford; the holes are still visible.[10] His youngest daughter, Sarah, inherited Garnstone, on condition she marry her cousin, another John Birch; he held the Weobley seat almost continuously from 1701, until his death in 1735.[11]

• Ackroyd, Peter (2014). Civil War: The History of England Volume III. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230706415.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Burke, John (1838). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain, Volume 4. Henry Colburn.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Burnet, Gilbert (1734). History of My Own Time; Volume II (2015 ed.). Andesite. ISBN 978-1298711793.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cassidy, Irene (1983). BIRCH, John (1615-91), of The Homme, nr. Leominster and Garnstone Manor, Weobley, Herefs in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660–1690 (Online ed.). CUP. ISBN 978-1107002258.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hull, Lise; Whitehorne, Stephen (2008). Great Castles of Britain & Ireland. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84773-130-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Key, Newton E (2004). "Birch, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2429.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Pepys, Samuel. "Friday 21 February 1668 in The Diary of Samuel Pepys". Pepys Diary Online. Retrieved 8 May 2020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Plant, David (23 September 2006). "John Birch". BCW Project. Retrieved 8 March 2020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Royle, Trevor (2004). Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660 (2006 ed.). Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11564-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Sedgwick, Romney (1970). BIRCH, John II (c.1666-1735), of Garnstone Manor, Weobley, Herefs. in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715–1754 (Online ed.). CUP. ISBN 978-1107002258.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

• Willis-Bund, John William (1905). The Civil War In Worcestershire, 1642-1646: And the Scotch Invasion Of 1651. Birmingham: The Midland Educational Company. pp. 176–178.

• John Webb. Military memoir of John Birch
• Brief history of the Life of John Birch (up to the start of his political career)
• Biography on British Civil Wars site
• Battle of Cropredy Bridge
• House of Commons Journal for 22 December 1645 recording the arrival of news of the capture of Hereford
• References to Col Birch in The Diary of Samuel Pepys
• Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs