Joint custody

In England, prior to the 19th century, common law considered children to be the property of their father.[4][5] However, the economic and social changes that occurred during the 19th century led to a shift in ideas about the dynamics of the family.[4] Industrialization separated the home and the workplace, keeping fathers away from their children in order to earn wages and provide for their family.[4] Conversely, mothers were expected to stay in the home and care for the household and the children.[4] Important social changes such as women's suffrage and child development theories allowed for ideas surrounding the importance of maternal care.[4]

In joint legal custody, both parents share decision-making rights with regard to matters that may have a significant impact on their children's lives, such as where a child should attend school, the choice of a primary care physician or therapist for the child, and medical treatments.[6] Both parents also have the ability right access to their children's records, such as educational records, health records, and other records.[7] Under sole physical custody arrangements, joint legal custody has been found to have beneficial effects on children compared to sole legal custody.[8]

In joint physical custody, the child lives an equal amount of time with both parents or for considerable amount of time with each parent.[9] Typically, the family court issues a parenting schedule that defines the time that the child will spend with each parent.[10]

The percentage of joint physical versus sole physical custody varies between countries. In a comparative survey from 2005/06, covering children ages 11 to 15, it was highest in Sweden with 17% and lowest in Turkey and the Ukraine with only 1%.[11]

Studies suggest that joint custody may significantly contribute to a child's wellbeing, with lower rates of mental health issues and substance abuse, better school performance, better physical health and better family relationships as compared to children in households where one parent has sole physical custody.[12] On the whole, studies show that children experience better outcomes in joint custody arrangements and where they have good access to both parents.[13] While not all studies of joint custody have resulted in similar findings, none have found that harm results from joint custody.[12]

Joint custody is not legally recognized in Japan.[14] Japanese courts favor granting custody to a primary caregiver,[15] and nearly always award custody to the parent who is in possession of the children, even in the aftermath of parental kidnapping.[16] Many Japanese parents believe that recognition of joint custody rights will reduce the problem of parental kidnapping and improve parent-child relationships following a custody case.[16]

In a 2005/06 survey, about 6 percent of Spanish children ages 11 to 15 lived in a joint physical custody arrangement versus sole physical custody.[11]

Joint physical custody was introduced into Spanish law in 2005, subject to agreement by both parents. Some regions, such as Aragon and Catalonia, have subsequently passed laws that makes it the preferred option.[17]

In the United Kingdom in 2005/06, about 7 percent of 11-15 year old children lived in a joint physical versus sole physical custody arrangement.[11]

In the United States, joint legal custody is common while joint physical custody is rare.[18] According to a 2005/06 survey, about 5 percent of American children ages 11 to 15 lived in a joint physical custody arrangement versus sole physical custody.[11] Kentucky is the only state with a legal rebuttable presumption in favor of joint physical custody.[19][20]