Julien Vallou de Villeneuve

Julien Vallou de Villeneuve (12 December 1795 in Boissy-Saint-Léger – 4 May 1866 in Paris) was a French painter, lithographer and photographer.

Life and work

Vallou de Villeneuve studied with Jean-François Millet, and started his career at the Salon of 1814, exhibiting images depicting daily life, fashion, regional costumes and nude studies. In 1826 he showed at the Salon ‘Costumes des Provinces Septentrionales des Pays-Bas’.[1] He published in 1829 lithographs of Types des Femmes. In 1830 with Achille Devera and Numas, Maurin and Tessaert, he contributed to the compendium of erotica Imagerie Galante (Paris 1830). He developed an international following for his 1839 folio-sized lithographic erotic series Les Jeunes Femmes, Groupes de Tetes, depicting racy episodes in the life of young women and their lovers.[2]

From 1842 de Villeneuve took up photography, not long after its invention, as an adjunct and aid to his graphic work,[3] producing some daguerreotypes but predominantly softly toned salted paper prints[4] from paper negatives that enabled the retouching he employed for artistic effect. Following the method of Humbert de Molard, he fixed his prints with ammonia which avoided the bleaching of highlights caused in salt prints by hypo, and thus incidentally ensured the archival permanence of his prints, which survive today.[5] He had many of his prints made by photolithographer Rose-Joseph Lemercier (1803–1887). In 1850 de Villeneuve opened a photographic studio at 18 Rue Bleue, Paris, where his subjects were 'academic studies',[6] small prints of nudes as models for artists. He printed a series of these studies as ‘Etudes d’apres nature’,[7] and many were published in La Lumiere, journal of the Society Francaise de la Photographie.[8] There was also a ready market for his photographs of well-known actors in full costume posing against theatrical scenery.[9]

In 1851 he joined the world's first, but short-lived (1851–1853), photographic organisation, the Société héliographique [10][11] From 1853 to 1854 he was a founding member of the Société française de photographie (S.F.P.) that replaced it.

Vallou de Villeneuve and Courbet

Realist painter Gustave Courbet was introduced to Vallou de Villeneuve's photographs by fellow artist Alfred Bruyas during the 1850s and used them as source material for his paintings,[12] in particular L'Atelier (1855) and Les Baigneuses (1853).[13] In 1954, the 27th Venice Biennale presented a large-scale retrospective devoted to Gustave Courbet;[14] one of the first major exhibitions devoted to the painter. Germain Bazin and Helene Adhémar (conservator, Department of Paintings at the Louvre) were the commissioners of ”A new century of vision[15]" which gave an essential place for artistic creations of the Second Empire. Jean Adhémar, curator, stressed that "first photographers are almost all painters, especially under Napoleon III". The section on “The times of Courbet, Manet, Nadar" was one of the richest in both the number of works presented - forty - and in the range of their subjects: it articulated the parallel between the realistic vision of the painter and the photographer. This was thus the first to attempt to identify the model in the nude photography requested by Courbet of Bruyas and mentioned for the first time by Pierre Borel in 1922.[16] A nude by Jacques Moulin (also exhibited) had previously been connected with the model in The Artist's Studio (L'Atelier du peintre): A Real Allegory of a Seven Year Phase in my Artistic and Moral Life (1855), by evoking the similarity of the models. But two photographs by Vallou Villeneuve, exhibited in the same section, where the model, Henriette Bonnion[17][18] poses in an attitude similar to that in Courbet's 'Bathers' (1853) and 'Artist's Studio' showed it likely (as subsequent studies have confirmed), that the Vallou model and not Moulin's was used by Courbet.[19][20]

Later life

In 1855 Vallou de Villeneuve donated his prints to the Société française de photographie (S.F.P.). No photographs by him after this date are recorded and he died in Paris eleven years later.

Vallou de Villeneuve is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery (31st division, 1st ligne, U 33)[21]

References
  1. Greeven, H., & de Villeneuve, J. V. (1828). Collection des costumes des Provinces Septentrionales du Royaume des Pays-Bas: dessinés d'après nature. chez François Buffa et fils. Chicago
  2. Bajou, V., & Todd, J. M. (2013). A Hagiographic Collection: Remarks on the Taste of Louis-Philippe, Duc d'Orléans. Getty Research Journal, 55-72.
  3. He is listed still as exhibiting an aquarelle and another non-photographic work in 1845, see Société des amis des arts du Dèpartement de la Somme (1845) Société des amis des arts du Dèpartement de la Somme : exposition en 1845. Typographie de E. Yvert, p.36
  4. Marbot, B. (1979). A l'origine de la photographie: le calotype au passé et au présent (No. 7).
  5. Humbert de Molard, et Aubrée. 'Procédé photographique à base ammoniaque' La Lumière, no. 10, 13 Avril, 1851, 39-40
  6. Mirabelli, E. (1985). Looking and Not Looking: Pornographic and Nude Photography. Grand Street, 197-215.
  7. Eric Homberger (1994) The Model's Unwashed Feet:French Photography in the 1850s' in Peter Collier. Artistic Relations: Literature and the Visual Arts in Nineteenth-century France Yale University Press, 1994
  8. McCauley, Elizabeth Anne (1994). Industrial madness : commercial photography in Paris, 1848-1871. Yale University Press, New Haven. p.56
  9. Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) & Tinterow, Gary & Galitz, Kathryn Calley, 1964- (2007). Masterpieces of European painting, 1800-1920, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art ; New Haven : Yale University Press, New York, p.55
  10. Hannavy, John (2007). Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography. Taylor & Francis Group, New York
  11. Andre Gunthert (2002) ‘L’institution du photographique: Le roman de la Société heliographique’ in Etudes Photographiques 12, Nov.2002. Société Française de Photographie p.37–63
  12. It is certain that Courbet's 1868 La Dame de Munich (unlocated) is painted from a photograph as is evidenced by the Frankfurt painter Otto Scholderer in a correspondence to his Paris colleague Fantin-Latour. See Schmoll, Josef A., gen. Eisenwerth (1970) Malerei nach Fotografie: Von der Camera Obscura bis zur Pop-Art. Eine Dokumentation. p. 45, also Bajou-Charpentreau, Valérie (2003) Courbet. p.326.
  13. No photographs, nor contemporary records of any used by Courbet has been found due to the ransack of his studios in Paris and Ornans during the Franco-German War, and because many were destroyed by Juliette Courbet. See: Grabarek, E. (2007). Der Einfluss der frühen Fotografie auf die Malerei. Bildfindung bei Courbet und Leibl.
  14. Dominique de Font-Réaulx , "The audacity of a French position. " , photographic studies , 25 | May 2010 , [Online], posted on May 5, 2010. URL: http://etudesphotographiques.revues.org/3059. accessed December 5, 2014.
  15. Font-Réaulx, D. D. The Bold Innovations of a French Exhibition. Un Siècle de Vision Nouvelle at the Bibliothèque Nationale, 1955. Études photographiques, (25).
  16. Borel Pierre (1922) The Romance of Gustave Courbet, from an original correspondence , Paris, R. Chiberre.
  17. Bonnion was identified by Dominique de Font-Réaulx (1997), ‘Courbet et la photographie: l’exemple d’un peintre réaliste, entre le vérité et réalité,’ in Sylvie Aubenas (ed.), L’Art du nu au XIX siècle: le photographe et son modèle, Paris: Hazan-Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  18. Waller, Susan (2006). The invention of the model : artists and models in Paris, 1830-1870. Ashgate, Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT, p.72
  19. Scharf, Aaron (1968), Art and photography, Allen Lane, ISBN 978-0-7139-0052-1
  20. An alternative theory about the identity of the model and photographer, in Pollock, Griselda, (editor of compilation.) (2013). Visual politics and psychoanalysis : art and the image in post-traumatic cultures. London I.B. Tauris p.45-47, it is Bruno Braquehais Academic Study #7 of 1854 'that has the 'feel' of The Painter's Studio
  21. Normand-Romain, Antoinette Le (1986) ‘Tombeaux d'artistes’ Revue de l'Art V.74:74, Comité français d'histoire de l'art p.55-63
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